LGO EXAM, IP EXAM, PM GRADE I EXAM RESULTS POSITION
1. LGO Examination results are likely to be released by circles before the end of this month.
2. IP and PM Grade I - LDCE results are likely to be released with in a fortnight.
Revised Syllabi and Pattern for Limited Departmental Competitive Examinations and Direct Recruitment Examinations of 2014 and onwards for the cadres of Postman, Mail Guard and Multi Tasking Staff
To view Directorate memo No. 45-14/2012-SPB-I dated 17th January 2014, pleaseCLICK HERE.
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti Recruitment 2014 Post Graduate, Trained Graduate Teachers – 937 Posts
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS), an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of School Education & Literacy, Government of India, invites ON LINE applications through the link (RECRUITMENT OF TEACHERS IN NVS - 2014) available on NVS website (i.e.www.navodaya.nic.in) from eligible Indian nationals for drawing a panel of candidates for filling up of the posts of Post Graduate Teachers (PGTs) & Trained Graduate Teachers (TGTs) on DIRECT RECRUITMENT BASIS in the Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas located in various districts of the country. Subject wise & Category wise break up of tentative vacancies is as under:-
Post Graduate Teachers (PGTs)
S. No.
|
Subject
|
UR
|
OBC
|
SC
|
ST
|
Total
|
1
|
Biology
|
19
|
09
|
13
|
00
|
41
|
2
|
Chemistry
|
20
|
10
|
06
|
15
|
51
|
3
|
Commerce
|
08
|
08
|
05
|
04
|
25
|
4
|
Economics
|
25
|
12
|
29
|
10
|
76
|
5
|
English
|
40
|
00
|
05
|
08
|
53
|
6
|
Geography
|
17
|
06
|
06
|
04
|
33
|
7
|
Hindi
|
37
|
00
|
06
|
08
|
51
|
8
|
History
|
31
|
00
|
08
|
02
|
41
|
9
|
Maths
|
14
|
19
|
27
|
24
|
84
|
10
|
Physics
|
24
|
10
|
06
|
19
|
59
|
Total
|
235
|
74
|
111
|
94
|
514
|
Trained Graduate Teachers (TGTs)
S. No.
|
Subject
|
UR
|
OBC
|
SC
|
ST
|
Total
|
1
|
English
|
32
|
10
|
13
|
33
|
88
|
2
|
Hindi
|
45
|
00
|
12
|
08
|
65
|
3
|
Maths
|
62
|
15
|
45
|
57
|
179
|
4
|
Science
|
25
|
01
|
07
|
20
|
53
|
5
|
Social Studies
|
26
|
01
|
04
|
07
|
38
|
Total
|
190
|
27
|
81
|
125
|
423
|
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas are co-educational, fully residential schools up to Senior Secondary level and are located mainly in rural areas. At present 588 JNVs are functioning all over the country. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas being fully residential institutions, the teachers are required to stay in the Vidyalaya campus for which rent free accommodations as available will be provided. In addition to normal teaching duties, the teachers are required to perform additional responsibilities attached with residential system of schooling like House Mastership, remedial and supervisory studies, organization of co-curricular activities, escorting of students on migration and looking after students’ welfare in general. During the period of probation of the incumbent performance in all these areas is also assessed, in addition to the teaching ability to determine suitability for the job.
In view of the policy that at least 1/3rd students admitted are girls; efforts will be made to post male and female teachers in proportion to the number of girl students in Navodaya Vidyalayas subject to condition that they fulfill the normal eligibility conditions. However, there is no separate reservation for Female Teachers to this effect.
2. Details regarding essential and desirable qualifications for various categories of posts, Pay Scales, Age limit, Relaxation of age, Mode of Selection and other related details are given below. In addition to the pay scale and grade pay, selected candidates will be entitled to draw admissible allowance besides 10% special pay for performing additional residential duties.
2.1: (POST CODE & ELIGIBLITY CRITERIA):
A. FOR POST GRADUATE TEACHERS
SUBJECT-WISE POST CODES FOR FILLING UP THE APPLICATION FORM
| |||
POST GRADUATE TEACHERS
| |||
POST
|
POST CODE
|
POST
|
POST CODE
|
Biology
|
1
|
Geography
|
6
|
Chemistry
|
2
|
Hindi
|
7
|
Commerce
|
3
|
History
|
8
|
Economics
|
4
|
Maths
|
9
|
English
|
5
|
Physics
|
10
|
PAY SCALE: Rs. 9300-34800 (Grade Pay Rs.4800)
UPPER AGE LIMIT: 40 YEARS (As on 31.01.2014).
QUALIFICATIONS:
ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS
(a) Two Year Integrated Post Graduate M.Sc. Course from Regional College of Education of NCERT in the concerned subject with at least 50% marks in aggregate.
OR
Master’s Degree from a recognized university with at least 50% marks in aggregate in the following subjects.
S.No.
|
POST
|
Master’s Degree
|
(i)
|
PGT(Hindi)
|
Hindi
|
(ii)
|
PGT(Physics)
|
Physics/Applied Physics/Electronics Physics/ Nuclear Physics
|
(iii)
|
PGT(Chemistry)
|
Chemistry/Bio Chemistry
|
(iv)
|
PGT(Mathematics)
|
Mathematics/Applied Mathematics
|
(v)
|
PGT(Economics)
|
Economics/Applied Economics/Business Economics
|
(vi)
|
PGT(History)
|
History
|
(vii)
|
PGT(Geography)
|
Geography
|
(viii)
|
PGT(Commerce)
|
Commerce with Accounting/Cost Accounting/ Financial Accounting as a major subject of study. Holders of Degree of M.Com. in Applied/Business Economics shall not be eligible.
|
(ix)
|
PGT (English)
|
English
|
(x)
|
PGT (Biology)
|
Botony / Zoology / Life Sciences / Bio Sciences / Genetics / Micro Bilolgy / Bio Technology / Molecular Bio / Plant Physiology provided that applicant had studied Botany and Zoology at Graduation level.
|
(b) B.Ed. or equivalent qualification from a recognized University.
(c) Proficiency in Teaching in Hindi and English languages.
DESIRABLE QUALIFICATIONS
(a) Experience as TGT in recognized institution in concerned subject.
(b) Experience of working in a residential school.
(c) Knowledge of Computer application.
B. FOR TRAINED GRADUATE TEACHERS
SUBJECT-WISE POST CODES FOR FILLING UP THE APPLICATION FORM
| |
TRAINED GRADUATE TEACHERS
| |
POST
|
POST CODE
|
English
|
11
|
Hindi
|
12
|
Maths
|
13
|
Science
|
14
|
Social Studies
|
15
|
PAY SCALE: Rs. 9300-34800 (Grade Pay Rs.4600)
UPPER AGE LIMIT: 35 YEARS (As on 31.01.2014).
QUALIFICATIONS
ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATION
(a) Four years integrated degree course of Regional College of Education of NCERT with at least 50% marks in the concerned subject as well as in the aggregate.
OR
A Bachelor’s Degree or equivalent from a recognized University with 50% marks or above in aggregate as well as in the concerned subject comprising the combination as under:
S.NO.
|
POST
|
SUBJECTS
|
(i)
|
TGT(English)
|
English as an Elective Subject at Degree Level
|
(ii)
|
TGT(Maths)
|
Maths, Physics and Chemistry
|
(iii)
|
TGT(Science)
|
Botany, Zoology and Chemistry
|
(iv)
|
TGT (Hindi)
|
Hindi as an Elective Subject at Degree level
|
(v)
|
TGT (Social Studies)
|
History with Geography / Economics / Political Science or
Geography with History / Economics / Political Science
|
(b) B.Ed. or equivalent from a recognized University.
(c) Competence to teach through English and Hindi/concerned Regional language as the case may be.
(d) Should pass Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) conducted by CBSE.
DESIRABLE QUALIFICATIONS
(a) Experience of working in a residential school.
(b) Knowledge of Computer application.
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS FOR TGT (MATHS) , TGT (SCIENCE)& TGT (SOCIAL STUDIES)
Candidates applying for the post of TGT (Mathematics),TGT(Science) and TGT (Social Studies) should ensure before applying that they fulfill the following criteria for being eligible for consideration for appointment to these posts.
TGT (Mathematics):
1. The candidate should have studied Maths, Physics and Chemistry during all three years of graduation.
2. In case of such Universities which provide for only two subjects out of the three as mentioned above, in the final year of graduation, the candidate should have studied Maths and Physics in the final year of examination and all the three subjects, viz, Maths, Physics and Chemistry in the first and second years of graduation.
3. Candidates who have passed B.Sc. degree with Honours in Maths subject would be considered eligible only if they have studied Physics and Chemistry in first and second year of the course. Candidates with B.Sc.(Hons.) in Physics or Chemistry are not eligible for the post of TGT(Maths).
4. Candidate should also have secured 50% marks in aggregate individually in these subjects during all the years of study.
5. Candidate should have secured at least 50% marks in aggregate in the graduation degree also.
TGT (Science):
1. The candidate should have studied Botany, Zoology and Chemistry during all the three years of study in graduation.
2. In case of such Universities which provide for only two subjects in the final year of graduation, the candidates should have studied any of the two subjects out of Botany, Zoology and Chemistry in the final year of examination and all the three subjects, viz. Botany, Zoology and Chemistry in the first and second years of graduation.
3. In case of Honours Degree in any of the above mentioned three subjects, the candidate must have studied other two subjects in the first and second year of the course.
4. Candidate should also have secured 50% marks in aggregate individually in all of these subjects during all the years of study.
5. Candidate should have secured 50% marks in aggregate in the graduation degree also.
TGT (Social Studies):
1. The candidate should have studied any of the twosubjects out of the following subject :
a) History with Geography / Economics / Political Science or
b) Geography with History / Economics / Political Science
2. History / Geography as above, should have been studied for all three years in the Graduation.
3. In case of Honours Degree in History the candidate should have studied Geography / Economics / Political Science in 1st and 2nd years. Similarly in case of Honours degree in Geography, the candidate should have studied History / Economics / Political Science in 1st and 2nd year. Candidates with B.A. (Honours) in Economics or Political Science are not eligible for the post of TGT (Social Studies).
4. Candidate should have secured 50% marks in aggregateindividually in the subjects during all the three years of study.
5. Candidate should have secured at least 50% marks in aggregate in the Graduation Degree also.
2 (2): AGE RELAXATION
Maximum relaxation in upper age limit will be as under:
Sl.
No.
|
Category of Persons
|
Extent of age relaxation / concession
|
(a)
|
Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe
|
5 years
|
(b)
|
Other Backward Classes
|
3 years
|
(c )
|
Women (SC / ST / OBC)
|
10 years
|
(d)
|
NVS Employees
|
5 years
|
(e)
|
Candidates with 3 years continuous service in Central Govt. provided the posts are in same or allied cadres
|
5 years
|
(f)
|
Persons ordinarily domiciled in State of Jammu & Kashmir during 01.01.1980 to 31.12.1989
|
5 years
|
(g)
|
Persons with disabilities (including women)
(i) SC/ST
(ii) OBC
|
15 years
13 years
|
2 (3): The Cut-Off date for determining various eligibility criteria (Educational Qualifications, age limit etc.) will be 31.01.2014. Applicants must satisfy about their eligibility as on 31.01.2014 before applying. The NVS will take up verification of eligibility conditions with reference to original documents only after the candidates have qualified for interview. Only those OBC categories which are applicable for appointment under Central Government will be considered.
3: MODE OF SELECTION
(a) Candidates will be shortlisted on the basis of their performance in written examination and interview put together. The Samiti reserves the right to decide the cut off marks in written examination and interview. The decision of the Samiti about the mode of selection to the above posts and eligibility conditions of the applicants for interview shall be final and binding. No correspondence will be entertained in this regard.
(b) The Written Examination for the recruitment to the above mentioned posts is likely to be held at following 22 cities (code of the cities is mentioned against the name of the city). However, the Samiti has the right to conduct the written test at all the cities or any one of the cities depending upon the number of the candidates and other compulsions. Number of centers in each city will depend upon the number of candidates opting for a city.
Name of the City
|
City Code
|
Name of the City
|
City Code
|
Ahmedabad
|
11
|
Jaipur
|
22
|
Bangalore
|
12
|
Jammu
|
23
|
Bhopal
|
13
|
Kolkata
|
24
|
Bhubaneshwer
|
14
|
Lucknow
|
25
|
Chandigarh
|
15
|
Mumbai
|
26
|
Chennai
|
16
|
Patna
|
27
|
Dehradun
|
17
|
Raipur
|
28
|
Delhi
|
18
|
Ranchi
|
29
|
Guwahati
|
19
|
Shimla
|
30
|
Hyderabad
|
20
|
Srinagar
|
31
|
Imphal
|
21
|
Thiruvananthapuran
|
32
|
(c) Persons with disability of 40% or more, if so desires, will have to bring their own scribe to assist them in the examination. There is no restriction with regard to educational qualification or age etc. for the scribe. Compensatory time to be allowed in this case is 20 minutes per hour of examination. All candidates with disability not availing the facility of scribe may be allowed additional time of minimum of one hour for examination of three hours duration. In the instant case 50 minutes additional time will be allowed since the duration of the written exam is 2 ½ hours. Reservation for person with disabilities in r/o the current year vacancies will be given as per the rules. However, posts are identified suitable for persons with disabilities (Orthopedically & Visually Handicapped).
(d) No candidate will be admitted for the written examination without the proper Admit Card.
(e) The Written test will consist of one paper for both PGT and TGT, separately, as under:-
POST GRADUATE TEACHERS & TRAINED GRADUATE TEACHERS | ||
Paper
|
Subject
|
Marks/
Duration
|
General Paper
|
COMMON PAPER FOR ALL POSTS OF PGTs & TGTs:
Objective type multiple choice questions on General English / Hindi (40:20+20), General Awareness (30), General Intelligence, Numerical Ability & Reasoning (30) , Teaching Aptitude (20) and concerned subject knowledge (80). The difficulty level of the question papers for PGTs will be of Post Graduation standard and for TGTs it will be of Graduation standard.
There will be negative marking of 0.25 marks for each wrong answer.
|
200 Marks/
2 hrs 30 minutes.
|
(f) Schedule of examination will be intimated with the Admit Card. Detailed examination schedule will also be notified on Samiti’s website www.navodaya.nic.in in due course.
(g)Based on the performance in written examination and also keeping in view the number of vacancies, the candidates will be called for interview. Intimation to this effect will be uploaded on the Samiti’s website www.navodaya.nic.in in due course. Candidates are required to check the Samiti’s website from time to time. Taking into account the performance of both written examination and interview, merit list will be prepared.
4: HOW TO APPLY:
i. Candidates are required to apply Online through Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti’s web-site at www.navodaya.nic.in No other means/mode of application will be accepted.
ii. Candidates are required to have a valid personal email ID. It should be kept active during the currency of this recruitment. The NavodayaVidyalayaSamiti through its exam conducting agency may send call letters for written test, interview etc. through the registered email ID. Under no circumstances, he/she should share/ mention email ID to/ or of any other person.
iii. In case, a candidate does not have a valid personal email ID, he/she should create his/ her new email ID before applying Online.
iv. Candidate should have scanned copy of recent colour photograph and signatures (not exceeding 100 kb each) while filling up online application form.
v. Applicants are first required to go to the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti’s web-site at www.navodaya.nic.in and open the link 'Recruitment of Teachers in NVS - 2014'. Thereafter, open the Recruitment Notification titled as ‘RECRUITMENT OF PGTs & TGTs in JNVs - 2014'.
vi. Candidates can apply Online by visiting the Recruitment Page of the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti’s website and going to the sub-link "Filling up of ONLINE APPLICATION FORM FORRECRUITMENT OF PGTs & TGTs - 2014” as the case may be. Click on this sub-link will open up the appropriate Online Application Format.
vii. Carefully fill in the complete details in online application form.Scan and upload your recent photograph and signatures at the appropriate places as per instructions contained in the online application format and submit the same Online. Login id and password would be generated on successful submission of application and will be displayed on the screen. Candidates are advised to note down their login id and password for future use.
viii. Take a print out of the 'FEES PAYMENT CHALLAN'.
ix. Go to the nearest Branch of Union Bank of India with the Fee Payment Challan. Pay in Cash Rs.560/- (i.e. Application Fee of Rs.500/- + Rs.60/- Bank’s service charges) in the form of a bank challan as mentioned above. No fee is required to be paid by candidates belonging to SC / ST / PH categories and Women candidates; hence the steps for payment of fees will not be applicable to them in online application form. Once the fee plus service charges is deposited the same shall not be refunded under any circumstances. Candidate should take note of this and act accordingly.
x. Obtain the counterfoil (Applicant's Copy & NVS Copy) of the Fee Payment Challan duly received by the Bank with (a) Branch Name & Code Number (b) Transaction ID/Journal No (c) Date of Deposit & Amount filled by the Branch Official.
xi. Revisit the NVS website and login with your login id and password and complete the process by filling in the fee details such as Journal No. / Transaction ID, Branch code, date of deposit, amount etc.
xii. Original counterfoil of the fee payment challan (NVS Copy) will have to be submitted with the call letter at the time of written examination. Without counterfoil of the fee payment challan, the candidates will not be allowed to appear in the written examination. Candidates are also required to show the fee payment challan at the time of interview. Candidates are, therefore, advised to keep 3 photocopies of the fee payment challan for future use. Those who are exempted from paying fee are required to show the requisite certificate (caste certificate / disability certificate) at the time of written examination / interview. Women candidates are not required to follow this step.
xiii. The candidates should take a printout of the online application, affix a recent passport size photograph and preserve it with them for their record and should not send the same at the Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti’s address or any other address. The application printout with photograph affixed will also have to be submitted during document verification at the time of interviews along with the attested copies of certificates in support of Age, Qualification, Experience, Caste, Caste Validity, Non Creamy Layer, Physical disability, as applicable.
xiv. The name of the candidate or his/ her father/ husband etc. should be spelt correctly in the application as it appears in the certificates / mark sheets. Any change / alteration found may disqualify the candidature.
xv. Candidates are required to download the call letter from Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti’s website i.e. “www.navodaya.nic.in”. Candidates may be intimated about the same through e-mail by the exam conducting agency of the Samiti. However, candidates are advised in their own interest to view Samiti’s website from time to time with regard to the call letters and other updates about written examination and interviews, as they may not get the intimation through email due to technical fault. No correspondence should be entertained by the Samiti nor Samiti shall send separate intimation to the candidates to this effect.
xvi. A candidate may apply for one post in PGT & one post in TGT if he is eligible and desires to do so. In such cases, the candidate will have to pay the requisite Fee for both the posts applied for. However, within PGT / TGT category, a candidate shall apply only in one subject.
IMPORTANT DATES:-
Registration Open
|
01.02.2014
|
Fee deposit opens
|
01.02.2014
|
Registration Closes
|
28.02.2014
|
Fee Closes
|
01.03.2014
|
Submission Closes
|
03.03.2014
|
Admit Card Download Starts
|
31.03.2014
|
Date of Written Test
|
27.04.2014
|
Get More Details Click Here
Top 10 Universities in the World (2013-14)
There are many respective universities in the world, but among them which universities are the best? That’s what we are going to discuss here is the top 10 universities in the world of 2013-14 session. Universities possesses very crucialroles in our ultra modern society in the likes of providing knowledge, information and ideas for every student because we are living in a time when knowledge is ever more crucial to our societies and economic, knowledge is also replacing every other sources as a main operator of economic growth.
Universities also provoke the economic growth of its countries. For an example a recent study regulated that universities assisted nearly 60 billion pounds to the economy of the United Kingdom.
The top 10 universities in the world (2013-2014):
10. Imperial College London: In 2000 Imperial College merged with the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology and the University of London's agricultural college in Wye. After that in 2007 it became an independent college. Now the university is mainly known as schools of medicine, education, natural science and business.
This year it fell two spots from previous year’s ranking no.8 to no. 10 and University of California, Berkeley took the spot.
9. University of Chicago: University of Chicago was in no.10 spot last year; it raised one spot this year. 87 Nobel Prize winners belong to this university. The university has 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on its campus. It’s also famous for construction of the world’s first self-sustaining nuclear reactor beneath its football ground. The stature of the campus is 215- acre.
8. University of California, Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley ranked 8 in the top 10 list this year. Vitamin E was identified in this university, the university also famous as a "City of Learning". The flu virus was first identified here and America's first ever no-fault divorce law was drafted in this university only.
University of California, Berkeley scored 89.8% overall this year. It has 36000 students.
7. University of Cambridge: University of Cambridge successfully held in its position no.7 from last year. It is also known as "Cambridge University". In present Cambridge is a collegiate university with 31 colleges and six academic schools. This university has created many legends, J. J. Thomson who discovered electron and Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the Cambridge and Henry Cavendish who discovered hydrogen was also studied in this university.
The university is home to 18,300 students in present.
6. Princeton University: Princeton University ranked 6 again this year, this is the fourth ancient college in the united states, established in 1746. Princeton University overall scored 92.7% but its international outlook rating is only 59.6.
It has 500 acre campus and the university is a home to 5000 undergraduates and 2,500 postgraduates.
5. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: We all heard the name of MIT somewhere, it’s a very famous college all around the world, and the university retained its no. 5 ranking from last year. The motto of the university is ‘Mens et manus’ ("Mind and Hand").
It has produced more than 70 Nobel laureates in 150 years, 8 of them are the member of current faculty. It has scored 93% (overall).there are More than 200 life science and technology-related companies already have offices in MIT's hometown.
4. Stanford University: Stanford is the main rival of Harvard University on US ranking, Stanford ranked first in this year’s Forbes ranking of American colleges, but on global list it places at no. 4. Its alumni created corporate giants including Hewlett-Packard and Google.
Stanford University also the third richest university of the world and the number of students in this college is 7,000 undergraduate and around 4,000 graduate students.
2. University of Oxford and Harvard University: We didn’t miss the number 3 position by mistake actually it’s a tie for the number 2 position in the list of top universities in the world between Oxford and Harvard University.
University of Oxford is the top UK institution in this list and it’s tied for the 2nd spot again. Last year oxford shared honor with Stanford University. It is the first university in the English speaking-world and founded nine centuries ago. The university has produced more than 20 British prime ministers and at least 30 other world leaders. And it is the world’s third oldest university.
Harvard University, it’s the oldest university in the United States, the university jumped two spot this year no. 4 to no. 2. The university founded in 1636 and it named after John Harvard its first benefactor.
It has largest financial endowment in the world and brags more than 40 Nobel laureates. It has 210-acre main campus and 10 faculties, 23 satellites house and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
1. California Institute of Technology: California Institute of Technology is the best university in the world, continuously for the third time. It owns and conducts a global network of astronomical observatories and research facilities.
California Institute of Technology was founded in 1891 and renamed in 1921. It was known as Throop University before 1921. The school has also conducted NASA's Jet Propulsion laboratory since 1958. It has 3:1 student-to-faculty ratio. Overall score of the university is 95.5%. It brags 31 Nobel laureates among its past and current faculty and alumni.
So, it seems that US is also dominating the world in the field of knowledge. Switzerland gained the top-ranked school outside of the US or UK at number 14. University of Tokyo gets the highest Asian school at number 23. India and Russia still struggling, it has no institutions in the top 100 for the second year in a row.
So these are the top 10 universities in the world in 2013-14 which are currently ruling the globe of knowledge with great expertise.
Source: - Times Higher Education
Information and FAQ on CBS
Remittance of NPS funds solely through electronic mode (NEFT/RTGS) from 01st April 2014
Remittance of NPS funds solely through electronic mode (NEFT/RTGS) from 01st April 2014: PFRDA Circular -
PENSION FUND REGULATORY AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
PFRDA/2014/01/CSG/1
Date: 09th January 2014
To,
All Central Government Ministries & State Governments
Dear Sir/Madam,
Remittance of NPS funds solely through electronic mode (NEFT/RTGS) from 01st April 2014
1. The Circulars no. PFRDA/2013/10/CRTB/1 dated 30th April 2013 and PFRDA/2013/12/CRTB/2 dated 31″ May 2013 may be referred.
2. It has been observed that the following problems are presently being faced on account of remittance of NPS contribution funds through physical instruments:
a.) Higher percentage of rejection of contributions/ funds return
b.) Delays due to cheque clearing activity
c.) incidences of cheque rejection due to financial/ technical reasons.
3. All the aforementioned issues affect the timely investments of the subscribers thus adversely impacting their pension corpus accumulation. To obviate the aforesaid concerns, and in compliance of CVC instructions issued vide Office Order No. 20/4/04 File No. 98/ORD/1 dated 06-04-2004 PFRDA has decided to discontinue the remittance of NPS contribution funds through physical instruments and to accept remittance solely through electronic mode from 01st April 2014.
4. Accordingly from 01st April 2014 onwards, all the nodal offices remitting NPS contributions have to mandatorily remit NPS Contributions through electronic mode i.e. NEFT/ RTGS only.
5. The overall procedure for remittance of funds to Axis Bank (Trustee Bank), matching & booking of SubscriberContribution Files (SCFs) and the receipt of funds from it shall remain unchanged.
6. This circular may be sent to all the nodal offices under your jurisdiction for necessary action/ compliance.
7. The contact details of NPS Cell at Axis Bank is as follows:
First Level of Contact:
S No.
|
Contact Person
|
Designation
|
Phone No.
|
1
|
Mr Abhishek Gautam
|
Senior Manager
|
022-24253678
|
2
|
Mr Dakshesh Barbhaya
|
Senior Manager
|
022 24253639
|
3
|
Mr Yash Mayekar
|
Senior Manager
|
022 24253628
|
Second Level of Contact:
S No.
|
Contact Person
|
Designation
|
Phone No.
|
1
|
Mr Debraj Saha
|
Assistant Vice President
|
011 43506532
|
2
|
Mr Piyush K Singh
|
Deputy Vice President
|
022 24253680
|
The Circular has also been placed on PFRDA website at http://www.pfrda.org.in
Yours faithfully,
sd/-
(Ashish Kumar)
General Manager
Source: https://www.npscra.nsdl.co.in/download/Remittance-Update.pdf
Comprehensive review of instructions pertaining to vigilance clearance for promotion - clarifications - regarding.
Dopt Orders on vigilance clearance for promotion...
Comprehensive review of instructions pertaining to vigilance clearance for promotion - clarifications - regarding
No.22034/4/2012-Estt (D-II)
Government of India
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
(Department of Personnel and Training)
North Block, New Delhi
Dated the 23rd January, 2014
OFFICE MEMORANDUM
Subject : Comprehensive review of instructions pertaining to vigilance clearance for promotion - clarifications - regarding
The undersigned is directed to refer to the Department of Personnel & Training O.M. of even number dated 2.11.2012 on 'Comprehensive review of instructions pertaining to vigilance clearance for promotion', wherein, inter alia, it has been laid down in Para 9, as under:
"For the purpose of vigilance clearance for Review DPC, instructions exist in O.M. No.22011/2/99-Estt(A) dated 21.11.2002 that review DPC will take into consideration the circumstances obtaining at the time of original DPC and any subsequent situation arising thereafter will not stand in the way of vigilance clearance for review DPC. However, before the officer is actually promoted it needs to be ensured that he/she is clear from vigilance angle and the provision of para 7 of O.M. No.22011/4/91- Estt.(A) dated 14.09.1992 are not attracted".
2. This Department has been receiving references seeking clarification on grant of promotion in case of review DPC with regard to the official who is clear from vigilance angle on the date of promotion of the junior in the original DPC but subsequently attracts the provisions contained in para 2 of DoPT OM dated 14.09.92.
3. The matter has been examined in consultation with the Department of Legal Affairs and it is further clarified that, in the case of a review DPC, where a junior has been promoted on the recommendations of the original DPC, the official would be considered for promotion if he/she is clear from vigilance angle on the date of promotion of the junior, even if the provisions of para 2 of DoPT OM dated 14.9.92 get attracted on the date the actual promotion is considered, as provided in DoPT O.M. No.22011/2/99-Estt (A) dated 21.11.2002.
4. In cases, where the junior is not promoted, it is to be ensured that the provisions of para 7 of OM dated 14.9.1992 are not attracted on the date the official is being actually promoted.
sd/-
(Arunoday Goswami)
Under Secretary to the Govt. of India
Source: www.persmin.gov.in
[http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/22034_4_2012-Estt.D-II-23012014.pdf]
MTNL, BSNL likely to offer free roaming plans from January 26
NEW DELHI: State-owned telecom firms MTNL and BSNL are likely to launch new roaming plans from January 26 that will offer their subscribers free calls, sources said.
"MTNL has plans to make roaming free for its customers on its network in Delhi and Mumbai without any additional charge," said an official source.
He added, however, that BSNL will also have a roaming plan for free calls, but its customers may have to shell out Re 1 a day to avail of the facility.
The schemes are likely to be in place from January 26. Several private telecom operators already offer plans under which, for a monthly or daily fee starting Rs 5, people get all incoming calls without roaming charges.
MTNL has operations in Delhi and Mumbai only, while BSNL has operations across country except in these two circle.
MTNL's Mumbai customer will not have to pay any extra charge when they travel to Delhi, and same scheme will apply for its Delhi customers.
Further details of PSUs plans could not be ascertained. Source said that Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal is likely to announce this scheme within couple of days.
"Minister (Sibal) had asked the PSUs in November to come up with free roaming scheme. Though MTNL made it free, BSNL will levy charge so that it can bear cost. Customers availing scheme will enjoy local tariff wherever they travel," the source said.
As per latest the data released by telecom regulator Trai, 9.78 crore mobile subscribers while MTNL has 35.75 lakh customers on its network.
Source : The Economic Times
How Tax Deductions System Works in India
The term “tax” is very common to us, but the “tax system” is indeed very complicated. There is different type of tax systems in different countries. Tax is generally a government’s income or a sum of money taken by a country’s government for its development. It’s not a donation but a fortified contribution to the authority. We are going to discuss about Indian tax system in this article and how does it effects on it.
Today we will mainly focus on how the different tax deductions process works in India. We will try to explain the whole method in simpler words so that even a novice can understand it with ease.
There are mainly two types of tax in India: 1) Direct tax and 2) Indirect tax.
Direct tax means which tax is collected by the government directly from taxpayers for different purposes, for an example we can say income tax in which taxpayers directly give the tax money to the government.
And the indirect tax is completely opposite of the direct tax in which the duty can be shifted to others, here the actual tax payer is not the actual tax bearer, such as sales tax in which seller include the tax money before selling the goods so the buyer of the goods actually pay the tax money.
List of direct tax in India:-
Income tax: the income tax act mainly passed in 1961 and it’s issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), we can imagine what income tax by its name, it is generally a tax on the income of people or Hindu undivided families or firms or co-operative societies and trusts. But there is different type of charges on income, given below—
Income-tax charge:-
Rs. 200,000/- :- NIL%
Rs. 200,001–500,000/- :- 10%
Rs. 500,001–1,000,000/- :-20%
Above Rs 1,000,000 /- :- 30%
Most of the government’s income comes from income tax in India, it’s also plays a big role in economic growth. There is much cause that India is facing huge economic problems recently one of them is that the tendency of avoiding income tax. India was ranked 8th among the 150 countries in the world with black money. Also the income tax law is very complicated like any other laws in India, so there is many ways to avoid income tax.
There is also a provision in income tax act which is the companies and business organizations in India have to give tax on their worldwide transactions which is called corporation tax.
There is another provision under income tax act which is known as gift tax. According to it, the gifts received by any individual or Hindu Undivided Family in above of Rs. 50,000 in a year would be taxable.
Property tax: property tax also known as house tax. It’s the most important source of income of local governments, development of the urban areas mostly dependent on property tax. This tax is mainly on assets of individual people like land & building, machinery etc. Indian property tax system actually the blend of US-type wealth tax and differs from the excise-type UK rate.
There are 7935 urban areas in India and three of the 10 largest metropolises situated in India Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata also India’s urban population growth has been decreasing since 3 decades. But this decreasing level is not expected to continue in the years ahead, this means India is entering into the major structural transformation in favor of labor-intensive industry and services sectors in the years ahead. The urban sector contributed about two-thirds of GDP in 2009-10. So it seems that property tax deals with an important part of Indian economy.
The tax base is the annual rental value (ARV) or area-based rating, it’s usually 6%.
There is another tax in India known as Inheritance (Estate) Tax. The only difference between property tax and estate tax is that it’s on the estate, or total value of property, of a person who has died.
List of indirect tax in India:-
Custom duty: The custom act was composed in 1962. The main purpose of the act is to prevent illegal import and export of goods because import and export is the backbone of any economic system.
Custom duty surely is an indirect tax which is levied on import and export of the goods of international trades. It is also known as consumption tax in economic sense.
There are several purposes behind the act of custom, such as ----
1. Restricting Imports for maintaining foreign exchange.
2. Protecting Indian Industry from needless competition.
3. Prohibiting imports and exports of goods for accomplishing the policy aspiration of the Government.
4. Circulating export.
Central Excise Duty: central excise duty is one of the most important indirect tax in India. The Indian government passed the Central Excise Act in 1944 and the Central Excise Tariff Act in 1985.
It’s chiefly charged on such excisable goods that are manufactured in India and are meant for domestic consumption. An excise is considered an indirect tax because the producer or seller who pays the tax to the government is expected to try to recover or shift the tax by raising the price paid by the buyer.
The term “excisable goods” means that domestically manufactured petroleum fuel and products, tobacco and tobacco products, and alcohol and alcohol commodities on which excise is payable. Duty is not payable on the goods exported out of India.
Service Tax and Sales Tax: The service providers in India exclude those in the state of Jammu and Kashmir are mandate to pay a Service Tax under the provisions of the Finance Act of 1994. The provisions associated to Service Tax came into action on 1st July.
Sales Tax in India is a form of tax that is enforced by the Government on the sale or purchase of a particular commodity within the country. Sales Tax is enforced under both, Central Government (Central Sales Tax) and State Government (Sales Tax) Legislation. From 10th April, 2005, most of the States in India have supplemented sales tax with a new Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is available in 31 States including Union Territories.
The term “tax” is very common to us, but the “tax system” is indeed very complicated. There is different type of tax systems in different countries. Tax is generally a government’s income or a sum of money taken by a country’s government for its development. It’s not a donation but a fortified contribution to the authority. We are going to discuss about Indian tax system in this article and how does it effects on it.
Today we will mainly focus on how the different tax deductions process works in India. We will try to explain the whole method in simpler words so that even a novice can understand it with ease.
There are mainly two types of tax in India: 1) Direct tax and 2) Indirect tax.
Direct tax means which tax is collected by the government directly from taxpayers for different purposes, for an example we can say income tax in which taxpayers directly give the tax money to the government.
And the indirect tax is completely opposite of the direct tax in which the duty can be shifted to others, here the actual tax payer is not the actual tax bearer, such as sales tax in which seller include the tax money before selling the goods so the buyer of the goods actually pay the tax money.
List of direct tax in India:-
Income tax: the income tax act mainly passed in 1961 and it’s issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), we can imagine what income tax by its name, it is generally a tax on the income of people or Hindu undivided families or firms or co-operative societies and trusts. But there is different type of charges on income, given below—
Income-tax charge:-
Rs. 200,000/- :- NIL%
Rs. 200,001–500,000/- :- 10%
Rs. 500,001–1,000,000/- :-20%
Above Rs 1,000,000 /- :- 30%
Most of the government’s income comes from income tax in India, it’s also plays a big role in economic growth. There is much cause that India is facing huge economic problems recently one of them is that the tendency of avoiding income tax. India was ranked 8th among the 150 countries in the world with black money. Also the income tax law is very complicated like any other laws in India, so there is many ways to avoid income tax.
There is also a provision in income tax act which is the companies and business organizations in India have to give tax on their worldwide transactions which is called corporation tax.
There is another provision under income tax act which is known as gift tax. According to it, the gifts received by any individual or Hindu Undivided Family in above of Rs. 50,000 in a year would be taxable.
Property tax: property tax also known as house tax. It’s the most important source of income of local governments, development of the urban areas mostly dependent on property tax. This tax is mainly on assets of individual people like land & building, machinery etc. Indian property tax system actually the blend of US-type wealth tax and differs from the excise-type UK rate.
There are 7935 urban areas in India and three of the 10 largest metropolises situated in India Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata also India’s urban population growth has been decreasing since 3 decades. But this decreasing level is not expected to continue in the years ahead, this means India is entering into the major structural transformation in favor of labor-intensive industry and services sectors in the years ahead. The urban sector contributed about two-thirds of GDP in 2009-10. So it seems that property tax deals with an important part of Indian economy.
The tax base is the annual rental value (ARV) or area-based rating, it’s usually 6%.
There is another tax in India known as Inheritance (Estate) Tax. The only difference between property tax and estate tax is that it’s on the estate, or total value of property, of a person who has died.
List of indirect tax in India:-
Custom duty: The custom act was composed in 1962. The main purpose of the act is to prevent illegal import and export of goods because import and export is the backbone of any economic system.
Custom duty surely is an indirect tax which is levied on import and export of the goods of international trades. It is also known as consumption tax in economic sense.
There are several purposes behind the act of custom, such as ----
1. Restricting Imports for maintaining foreign exchange.
2. Protecting Indian Industry from needless competition.
3. Prohibiting imports and exports of goods for accomplishing the policy aspiration of the Government.
4. Circulating export.
Central Excise Duty: central excise duty is one of the most important indirect tax in India. The Indian government passed the Central Excise Act in 1944 and the Central Excise Tariff Act in 1985.
It’s chiefly charged on such excisable goods that are manufactured in India and are meant for domestic consumption. An excise is considered an indirect tax because the producer or seller who pays the tax to the government is expected to try to recover or shift the tax by raising the price paid by the buyer.
The term “excisable goods” means that domestically manufactured petroleum fuel and products, tobacco and tobacco products, and alcohol and alcohol commodities on which excise is payable. Duty is not payable on the goods exported out of India.
Service Tax and Sales Tax: The service providers in India exclude those in the state of Jammu and Kashmir are mandate to pay a Service Tax under the provisions of the Finance Act of 1994. The provisions associated to Service Tax came into action on 1st July.
Sales Tax in India is a form of tax that is enforced by the Government on the sale or purchase of a particular commodity within the country. Sales Tax is enforced under both, Central Government (Central Sales Tax) and State Government (Sales Tax) Legislation. From 10th April, 2005, most of the States in India have supplemented sales tax with a new Value Added Tax (VAT). VAT is available in 31 States including Union Territories.
OUR NATIONAL REAL HERO-"'ENEMY OF THE EMPEROR"- 23rd JAN , BIRTHDAY OF NETAJI SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE
A great Patriot and saint that is the real identity of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. He not only sacrificed his personal and professional life but also his own life for the nation. But today no one remembers this great. It seems that the soul of youth has to be re awoken so that they may walk on the path that this great soul showed us.
Friends, today is an auspicious day born , one of the greatest son of mother India, and a legend who became 'Enemy of the Emperor' and made the sacrifice to free his motherland from bondage in foreign hands, Great Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose born today on 23rd January , 1897 in this very day in Cuttak , Orissa. This day is celebrated as 'Desh Prem Divas'.
A great Patriot and saint that is the real identity of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. He not only sacrificed his personal and professional life but also his own life for the nation. But today no one remembers this great. It seems that the soul of youth has to be re awoken so that they may walk on the path that this great soul showed us.
Friends, today is an auspicious day born , one of the greatest son of mother India, and a legend who became 'Enemy of the Emperor' and made the sacrifice to free his motherland from bondage in foreign hands, Great Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose born today on 23rd January , 1897 in this very day in Cuttak , Orissa. This day is celebrated as 'Desh Prem Divas'.
“ Tum Mujhe Khoon Do, Mai Tumhe Aazadi Doonga ”
These were not ordinary words but these were words that energized an entire nation!With the call of “Give me your blood and I will give you freedom” one man challenged the might of an empire and inspired a nation to join hands to free itself from the shackles of Imperialism. This man was none other than Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, to whom we pay our richest tributes on his birth anniversary today.
Subhash Chandra Bose Facts:
Born: Born on 23rd of January in 1897 in the Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, India
Died: Died on 18th of August in the year 1945
Nationality: Indian
Education: University of Calcutta
Famous for: Figure of Indian independence movement
Title:
- President of the Indian National Congress (in 1938)
- General of Azad Hind army (from 1943 to 1945)
- Political party: Indian National Congress and Forward Bloc
Family:
Mother: Prabhavati Devi
Father: Janakinath Bose
Spouse: Emilie Schenkl
Children: Anita Bose Pfaff
.jpg)
Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose was a great Indian nationalist and famous by the title Netaji, born on 23rd of January in the year 1897 in the Cuttack, Orissa Division of Bengal Province. When he was just 48, he got died on 18th of August in the year 1945. His mother name was Mrs. Prabhavati Devi and father name was Mr. Janakinath Bose. His father was an advocate. He was the ninth child of his parents among fourteen siblings.
Between 1920s and 1930s, he was a leader of the Indian National Congress and became the Congress President from 1938-1939. Later he was expelled from the Congress in the year 1939 and sited under the house arrest by the British. Then he went to the Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan for getting assistance for the independence of India by British rule.
He became successful in organizing an Indian National Army by the support of the Japanese. He died because of the third degree burn when he attempted to escape in the burdened plane of Japanese which got crashed in the Taiwan.
His Early Life
Subhas Chandra Bose got admission to the Protestant European School in the month of January in 1902. He then admitted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School and again to the Presidency College after getting second position in metric exam in the year 1913. His nationalistic character came to his way and he expelled from the Presidency College. After that he joined Scottish Church College (University of Calcutta) to complete his B.A. degree in philosophy in the year 1918.
In the year 1919 he went to the England to Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge for getting appeared in the Civil Services Examination. He ranked 4th in the Civil Services Examination and got selected but he denied to work under the British government. He resigned to the civil service job and came to the India where he started the Swaraj newspaper for the promotion of Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. In 1937, he furtively married to the Emilie Schenkl (daughter of Austrian veterinarian) in the Austria.
His Political Career
He selected as the All India Youth Congress President as well as Bengal State Congress Secretary. He also became the Forward newspaper editor and worked as a CEO of the Municipal Corporation of Calcutta. Once he got tuberculosis when he was arrested.
In the year 1927, he was assigned as a general secretary of Congress party when he released from the prison. For the independence of the India, he had worked with the Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. In the case of civil disobedience he once more arrested and went to the jail.
All India Forward Bloc
He had planned the Forward Bloc on 22nd of June in the year 1939 to consolidate with the left political career. Muthuramalingam Thevar was his big political supporter who had arranged a huge rally during Subhas Chandra Bose’s visit to the Madurai on 6th of September.
From 1941 to 1943, he had lived in the Berlin. He led the Azad Hind Fauj through his eminent quotation like “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”. In his speech on 6th of July in the year 1944, he said Mahatma Gandhi the “Father of the Nation” which was broadcasted by the Singapore Azad Hind Radio. His other famous quote was “Dilli Chalo” to encourage the INA armies. “Jai Hind”, “Glory to India!” was an additional slogan generally used by him which was later accepted by the Indian Government and Indian Armed Forces.
Japanese Prime Minister (Shinzo Abe) on his visit to the Subhas Chandra Bose’s memorial hall in the Kolkata on 23rd of August in 2007 said that, Japanese are extremely motivated by the strong will of the Bose in order to lead the independence movement in India from the British rule. He is a great personality and cherished name in the Japan.
Quotes of Subhas Chandra Bose
- “Freedom is not given, it is taken”.
- “One individual may die for an idea; but that idea will, after his death, incarnate itself in a thousand lives. That is how the wheel of evolution moves on and the ideas and dreams of one nation are bequeathed to the next”.
- “You give me your blood and I will give you Independence!”.
.jpg)
These were not ordinary words but these were words that energized an entire nation!With the call of “Give me your blood and I will give you freedom” one man challenged the might of an empire and inspired a nation to join hands to free itself from the shackles of Imperialism. This man was none other than Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, to whom we pay our richest tributes on his birth anniversary today.
Subhash Chandra Bose Facts:
Born: Born on 23rd of January in 1897 in the Cuttack, Orissa Division, Bengal Province, India
Died: Died on 18th of August in the year 1945
Nationality: Indian
Education: University of Calcutta
Famous for: Figure of Indian independence movement
Title:
- President of the Indian National Congress (in 1938)
- General of Azad Hind army (from 1943 to 1945)
- Political party: Indian National Congress and Forward Bloc
Family:
Mother: Prabhavati Devi
Father: Janakinath Bose
Spouse: Emilie Schenkl
Children: Anita Bose Pfaff
.jpg)
Biography of Subhas Chandra Bose
Subhas Chandra Bose was a great Indian nationalist and famous by the title Netaji, born on 23rd of January in the year 1897 in the Cuttack, Orissa Division of Bengal Province. When he was just 48, he got died on 18th of August in the year 1945. His mother name was Mrs. Prabhavati Devi and father name was Mr. Janakinath Bose. His father was an advocate. He was the ninth child of his parents among fourteen siblings.
Between 1920s and 1930s, he was a leader of the Indian National Congress and became the Congress President from 1938-1939. Later he was expelled from the Congress in the year 1939 and sited under the house arrest by the British. Then he went to the Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan for getting assistance for the independence of India by British rule.
He became successful in organizing an Indian National Army by the support of the Japanese. He died because of the third degree burn when he attempted to escape in the burdened plane of Japanese which got crashed in the Taiwan.
His Early Life
Subhas Chandra Bose got admission to the Protestant European School in the month of January in 1902. He then admitted to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School and again to the Presidency College after getting second position in metric exam in the year 1913. His nationalistic character came to his way and he expelled from the Presidency College. After that he joined Scottish Church College (University of Calcutta) to complete his B.A. degree in philosophy in the year 1918.
In the year 1919 he went to the England to Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge for getting appeared in the Civil Services Examination. He ranked 4th in the Civil Services Examination and got selected but he denied to work under the British government. He resigned to the civil service job and came to the India where he started the Swaraj newspaper for the promotion of Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. In 1937, he furtively married to the Emilie Schenkl (daughter of Austrian veterinarian) in the Austria.
His Political Career
He selected as the All India Youth Congress President as well as Bengal State Congress Secretary. He also became the Forward newspaper editor and worked as a CEO of the Municipal Corporation of Calcutta. Once he got tuberculosis when he was arrested.
In the year 1927, he was assigned as a general secretary of Congress party when he released from the prison. For the independence of the India, he had worked with the Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. In the case of civil disobedience he once more arrested and went to the jail.
All India Forward Bloc
He had planned the Forward Bloc on 22nd of June in the year 1939 to consolidate with the left political career. Muthuramalingam Thevar was his big political supporter who had arranged a huge rally during Subhas Chandra Bose’s visit to the Madurai on 6th of September.
From 1941 to 1943, he had lived in the Berlin. He led the Azad Hind Fauj through his eminent quotation like “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”. In his speech on 6th of July in the year 1944, he said Mahatma Gandhi the “Father of the Nation” which was broadcasted by the Singapore Azad Hind Radio. His other famous quote was “Dilli Chalo” to encourage the INA armies. “Jai Hind”, “Glory to India!” was an additional slogan generally used by him which was later accepted by the Indian Government and Indian Armed Forces.
Japanese Prime Minister (Shinzo Abe) on his visit to the Subhas Chandra Bose’s memorial hall in the Kolkata on 23rd of August in 2007 said that, Japanese are extremely motivated by the strong will of the Bose in order to lead the independence movement in India from the British rule. He is a great personality and cherished name in the Japan.
Quotes of Subhas Chandra Bose
- “Freedom is not given, it is taken”.
- “One individual may die for an idea; but that idea will, after his death, incarnate itself in a thousand lives. That is how the wheel of evolution moves on and the ideas and dreams of one nation are bequeathed to the next”.
- “You give me your blood and I will give you Independence!”.
.jpg)
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