Friday 18 April 2014

PA/SA Examination 2014

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Ratio & Proportion

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Introduction

RATIO: When we say that the length of a line AB is 5 centimeters, we mean that a unit of length called 1 centimeter is contained in AB five times. If we have two lines AB and CD and their lengths are 2 and 3 centimeters respectively, we say that the length of AB is 2/3 of the length of CD.

DEFINITION: The number of times one quantity contains another quantity of the same kind is called as the ratio of the two quantities. Clearly, the ratio of two quantities is equivalent to the fraction that one quantity is of the other. Observe carefully that the two quantities must be of the same kind. There can be a ratio between Rs.20 and Rs.30, but there can be no ratio between Rs.20 and 30 mangoes.

In other words, if the values of two quantities A and B are 4 and 6 respectively, then we say that they are in the ratio 4 : 6. Ratio is the relation which one quantity bears to another of the same kind, the comparison being made by considering what multiple, part or parts, one quantity is of the other.

Since the quotient obtained on dividing one concrete quantity by another of the same kind is an abstract number, the ratio between two concrete quantities of the same kind is an abstract number. It may be an integer or fraction. Thus the ratio between Rs.5 and Rs.7 is 5 : 7.

REPRESENTATION: The ratio of two quantities “a” and “b” is represented as a : b and read as “a is to b”. A ratio a : b can also be expressed as a/b. So if two items are in the ratio 2 : 3, we can say that their ratio is 2/3. If two terms are in the ratio 2, it means that they are in the ratio of 2/1, that is, 2 : 1.

TERMS: In a ratio a : b, a and b are called as the terms of the ratio. The term a is called as the first term or antecedent. The term b is called as the second term or consequent.

RULES:

(i) Ratio of any number of quantities is expressed after removing any common factors that all the terms of the ratio have. For example, if there are two quantities having values of 4 and 6, their ratio is 4 : 6, that is 2 : 3 after taking the common factor 2 between them out. Similarly, if there are three quantities 6, 8 and 18, there is a common factor between all three of them. So, dividing each of the three terms by 2, we get the ratio as 3 : 4 : 9.

(ii) If two quantities whose values are A and B respectively are in the ratio a : b, since we know that some common factor k > 0 would have been removed from A and B to get the ratio a : b, we can write the original values of the two quantities as A = ak and B = bk respectively. For example, if the salaries of two persons are in the ratio 7 : 5, we can write their individual salaries as 7k and 5k respectively.

(iii) A ratio is said to be a ratio of greater or lesser inequality or of equality according as antecedent is greater than, less than or equal to the consequent. In other words,

The ratio a : b where a > b is called as ratio of greater inequality.
The ratio a : b where a < b is called as ratio of lesser inequality.
The ratio a : b where a = b is called as ratio of equality.

(iv) From the above rule, we can find that a ratio of greater inequality is diminished and a ratio of lesser inequality is increased by adding the same quantity to both terms, that is, in the ratio a : b, when we add the same quantity x ( positive ) to both the terms of the ratio, we have the following results

If a < b then ( a + x ) : ( b + x ) > a : b.
If a > b then ( a + x ) : ( b + x ) < a : b.
If a = b then ( a + x ) : ( b + x ) = a : b.

(v) The value of a ratio remains unchanged, if each one of its terms is multiplied or divided by a same non-zero number. For example, 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15 etc.

COMPOUND RATIO: Ratios are compounded by multiplying together the antecedents for a new antecedent and the consequents for a new consequent. For example, the compounded ratio of the ratios ( a : b ), ( c : d ) and ( e : f ) is ( ace : bdf ).

a² : b² is called as the duplicate ratio of a : b.
a³ : b³ is called as the triplicate ratio of a : b.
a^1/2 : b^1/2 is called as the sub-duplicate ratio of a : b.
a^1/3 : b^1/3 is called as the sub-triplicate ratio of a : b.

INVERSE RATIO: If a : b is the given ratio, then 1/a : 1/b or b : a is called its inverse or reciprocal ratio.

PROPORTION: When two ratios are equal, then the four quantities involved in the two ratios are said to be proportional, that is, if a / b = c / d, then a, b, c and d are proportional. In other words, the equality of ratios is called as proportion.

REPRESENTATION: If the numbers a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion, then it is represented as ( a : b :: c : d ) and is read as “a is to b (is) as c is to d”. Other ways of representing the same are, ( a : b = c : d ) or ( a / b = c / d ).

TERMS: If we have a : b :: c : d, then a, b, c and d are called as terms of the proportion, where a is the first term, b is the second term, c is the third term and d is the fourth term. The first and fourth terms, that is a and d are called as the extremes or end terms of the proportion. The second and third terms that are b and c are called as the means or middle terms of the proportion. The fourth term that is d is also called as the fourth proportional.

RULES:

(a) If four quantities be in proportion, then the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means. In general, if ( a : b :: c : d ), then ( a * d = b * c ).

(b) Three quantities of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion when the ratio of the first to the second is equal to the ratio of the second to the third. The second quantity is called as the mean proportional between the first and the third quantity. The third quantity is called as the third proportional to the first and second terms.

(d) If a : b = c : d then, a : c = b : d. This relationship is called as ALTERNENDO.

(e) If a : b = c : d then, ( a + b ) : b = ( c + d ) : d. This relationship is called as COMPONENDO. This is obtained by adding 1 to both sides of the given relationship.

(f) If a : b = c : d then, ( a + b ) : b = ( c + d ) : d. This relationship is called as DIVIDENDO. This is obtained by subtracting 1 to both sides of the given relationship.

(g) If a : b = c : d then, ( a + b ) : ( a – b ) = ( c + d ) : ( c – d ). This relationship is called as COMPONENDO–DIVIDENDO. This is obtained by dividing the componendo and dividendo relationship.

(h) The last relationship, that is, Componendo-Dividendo is very helpful in simplifying problems. By this rule, whenever we know a / b = c / d, then we can write ( a + b ) / ( a – b ) = ( c + d ) / ( c – d ). The converse of this is also true.

(i) If a/b = c/d = e/f………, then each of these ratios is equal to (a+c+e+…)/(b+d+f+…).

VARIATION: Two quantities A and B may be such that as one quantity changes in value, the other quantity also changes in value bearing certain relationship to the change in the value of the first quantity.

DIRECT VARIATION:

(a) One quantity A is said to vary directly as another quantity B if the two quantities depend upon each other in such a manner that if B is increased in a certain ratio, A is increased in the same ratio and if B is decreased in a certain ratio, A is decreased in the same ratio.

(b) This is denoted as A # B ( A varies directly as B ).

(d) For example, when the quantity of sugar purchased by a housewife doubles from the normal quantity, the total amount she spends on sugar also doubles, that is, the quantity and the total amount increases ( or decreases ) in the same ratio.

(e) From the above definition of direct variation, we can see that when two quantities A and B vary directly with each other, then A/B = k or the ratio of the two quantities is a constant. Conversely, when the ratio of two quantities is a constant, we can conclude that they vary directly with each other.

(f) If X varies directly with Y and we have two sets of values of the variables X and Y, that is, X₁ corresponding to Y₁ and X₂corresponding to Y₂, then, since X # Y, we can write down

X₁ X₂ X₁ Y₁

— = — or — = —

Y₁ Y₂ X₂ Y₂

INVERSE VARIATION:

(a) One quantity A is said to vary inversely as another quantity B if the two quantities depend upon each other in such a manner that if B is increased in a certain ratio, A is decreased in the same ratio and if B is decreased in a certain ratio, A is increased in the same ratio.

(b) It is the same as saying that A varies directly with 1/B. It is denoted as, if A # 1/B, that is, A = k/B where k is constant of proportionality.

(c) For example, as the number of men doing a certain work increases, the time taken to do the work decreases and conversely, as the number of men decreases, the time taken to do the work increases.

(d) From the above definition of inverse variation, we can see that when two quantities A and B vary inversely with each other, then AB = k or the product of the two quantities is a constant. Conversely, if the product of two quantities is a constant, we can conclude that they vary inversely with each other.

(e) If X varies inversely with Y and we have two sets of values of the variables X and Y, that is, X₁ corresponding to Y₁ and X₂corresponding to Y₂, then, since X # 1/Y, we can write down

X₁ Y₂

— = — or X₁ * Y₁ = X₂ * Y₂

X₂ Y₁

JOINT VARIATION: If there are three quantities A, B and C such that A varies with B when C is constant and varies with C when B is constant, then A is said to vary jointly with B and C when both B and C are varying, that is, A # B when C is constant and A # C when B is a constant. This implies A # B * C = k * B * C where k is the constant of proportionality.

Ratio:

This is a comparison of of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind.

If "p" and "q" are the two quantities of the same kind as well as in the same units, the fraction p/q is called the ratio of "p" to "q".
Thus, the ratio. of "p" to "q" = p/q or p:q. The quantities "p" and "q" are called the terms of the ratio. "p" is called the first term or antecedent "q" is called the second term or consequent.
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction

and we write it as a : b.

In the ratio a: b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.

Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents	5	with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
	9

Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number does not affect the ratio.

Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.

Proportion:

This is another branch of the topic Ratio and Proportion. If two ratios are equal, then it is called proportion.

For example

Four quantities a,b,c,d are said to be in proportion if a:b=c:d.
And also it can be said as a:b :: c:d or a/b = c/d or ad=bc.

Cross product rule in Proportion

product of extremes = product of means

The equality of two ratios is called proportion.

If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion.

Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are called mean terms.

Product of means = Product of extremes.

Thus, a : b :: c : d

(b x c) = (a x d).

Fourth Proportional:

If a : b = c : d, then d is called the fourth proportional to a, b, c.

Third Proportional:

a : b = c : d, then c is called the third proportion to a and b.

Mean Proportional:

Mean proportional between a and b is ab.

Comparison of Ratios:

We say that (a : b) > (c : d)	a	>	c	.
	b		d

Compounded Ratio:
The compounded ratio of the ratios: (a : b), (c : d), (e : f) is (ace : bdf).
Duplicate Ratios:

Duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a² : b²).

Sub-duplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a : b).

Triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a³ : b³).

Sub-triplicate ratio of (a : b) is (a^1/3 : b^1/3).

If	a	=	c	, then	a + b	=	c + d	. [componendo and dividendo]
	b		d		a - b		c - d

Variations:

We say that x is directly proportional to y, if x = ky for some constant k and we write, x

We say that x is inversely proportional to y, if xy = k for some constant k and

we write, x	1	.
we write, x	y	.
SOME POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. The ratio a : b represents a fraction a/b. a is called antecedent and b is called consequent.

2. The equality of two different ratios is called proportion.

3. If a : b = c : d then a, b, c, d are in proportion. This is represented by a : b :: c : d.

4. In a : b = c : d, then we have a* d = b * c.

5. If a/b = c/d then (a + b ) / ( a – b ) = ( d + c ) / ( d – c ).

RATIO- The ratio of two quantities of the same kind is the fraction that one quantity is of the other, in other words to say, how many times a given number is in comparison to another number. A ratio between two nos. A and B is denoted by A/B

1. The two quantities must be of the same kind.

2. The units of the two quantities must be the same.

3. The ratio has no measurement.

4. The ratio remains unaltered even if both the antecedent (A) and the consequent (B) are multiplied or divided by the same no.

5 If two different ratios ( say A /B and C/D) are expressed in different units, then if we are required to combine these two ratios we will follow the following rule=

A xC / B xD The required ratio is AC / BD

6 The duplicate ratio of A/B is A²/B² the triplicate ratio of A/B is A³/B³

7 The sub duplicate ratio of A/B is sq.root of A/ sq.root of B

8 The sub triplicate ratio of A/B is cube root of A/ cube root of B

9 To determine which of the given two ratio A/B and C/D is greater or smaller ,we compare A xD and B xC provided B>0 and D>0;

if AxC> B xD then A/B > C/D and vice versa,but if A xC= B xD then A/B = C/D

Properties of ratios.

1. Inverse ratios of two equal ratios are equal, if A/B=C/D then B/A = D/C.

2. The ratios of antecedents and consequents of two equal ratios are equal if A/B=C/D then A/C=B/D

3. If A/B=C/D THEN A+B/B=C+D/D

4. If A/B=C/D THEN A-B/B=C-D/D

5. If A/B=C/D THEN A+B/A-B=C+D/C-D

6. If A/B=C/D=E/F.....so on then each of the ratio (A/B, C/D.....etc) is equal to

sum of the numerators/sum of the denominators=A+C+E...../B+D+F......=k

PROPORTION

1 Two ratios of two terms is equal to the ratio of two other terms, then these four terms are said to be in proportion i.e. if A/B=C/D then A,B,C and D are in proportion.

A,B,C and D are called first, second, third and fourth proportional’s respectively.

A and D are called Extremes and B and C are called the Means

and it follows that A xD=B xC

2 Continued proportion: when A/B=B/C then A, B and C are said to be in continued proportion and B is called the geometric mean of A and C so it follows,

A xC=B² ,OR square root of (A xC)=B

3 Direct proportion: if two quantities A and B are related and an increase in A decreases B and vice-versa then A and B are said to be in direct proportion. Here A is directly proportional to B is written as AB.when  is removed equation comes to be

A = kB,where k is constant.

4. Inverse proportion: if two quantities A and B are related and an increase in A increases B and vice-versa then A and B are said to be in inverse proportion. Here A is inversely proportional to B is written as A1/B or, A=k/B,where k is constant.

5 Proportional division:

It simply means a method by which a quantity may be divided into parts which bear a given ratio to one another .The parts are called proportional parts.

e.g. divide quantity "y" in the ratio a:b:c then

first part= a/(a+b+c)=y second part=b/(a+b+c)=y third part=c/(a+b+c)=y

6. If in x liters mixture of Milk and water the ratio of Milk and Water is a;b, the quantity of water to be added in order to make this ratio c: d is

X(ad-bc) / c(a+b)

7. A mixture contains milk and water in the ratio of a;b. If x liters of water is added to the mixture, milk and water become in the ratio a;c. then the quantity of milk in the mixture is given by ax / c-b and that of water is given by bx /c-b , M= x9a+b) /c-b

8. If two quantities X and Y are in the ratio x;y, then X+Y : X-Y :: x+y : x-y

9. If the sum of two numbers is A and their difference is a, then the ratio of numbers is given by A+a : A-a

EXAMPLES

1. If (x/y) = (2/3) then find the value of (3x+4y)/(4x+3y)
Sol: =(3x+4y)/(4x+3y)

Divide numerator and denominator by “y” ={3(x/y)+4y/y}/{4(x/y)+3y/y}
={3(x/y)+4}/{4(x/y)+3}

Substitute x/y= 2/3

= {3(2/3)+4}/{4(2/3)+3}
= {2+4}/{(8/3)+3}
= 6/{(8+9)/3
= 6/{17/3}
= (6x3)/17
= 18/7

2. For what value of ‘m’, will the ratio (7+m)/(12+m) be equal to 5/6?Sol: Let (7+m)/(12+m)= 5/6

6(7+m)= 5(12+m)

42+6m=60+5m
6m-5m=60-42, m=18
3.Find the value of "x" if 10:x = 5:4.
Sol: By using cross product rule, we have 5x=10 times 4
5x=40
x=40/5
x=8

4. Find the fourth proportional to 2/3, 3/7, 4,
Sol: Let the fourth proportional be "x", then 2/3, 3/7, 4, x are in proportion.

Using cross product rule, (2/3)x=(3 times 4)/7
(2/3)x=12/7
x=(12 times 3)/((7 times 2)
x= 36/14
x= 18/7

5. Find the three numbers in the ratio of 1:2:3 so that the sum of their squares is equal to 504?

Sol: let 1st no. be 1x,2 nd no. be 2x and 3rd no. be 3x

their squares- x², (2x)² and (3x)²

as per the question, x² + (2x)²+(3x)² = 504

x²+4x²+9x²=504

14x²=504

x²=504/14=36

so, x=6

So the three no. are 1x=6,2x=12 and 3x=18

6. Find the fourth proportional to the numbers 6,8 and 15?

Sol: let K be the fourht proportional, then 6/8=15/K

Solving it we get K=(8x15)/6= 20

7. Find the mean mean proportion between 3 and 75?

Sol. this is related to continued proportion.let x be the mean proportionalx then we have

x²=3x75 or x=15

8. Divide Rs 1350 into three shares proportional to the numbers 2, 3 and 4?

Sol: 1st share= Rs 1350x(2/2+3+4)=Rs 300

2nd share = Rs1350x(3/2+3+4)=Rs 450

3rd share= Rs1350x(4/2+3+4)=Rs 600

9. A certain sum of money is divided among A,B and C such that for each rupee A has ,B has 65 paise and C has 40 paisex if C's share is Rs 8, find the sum of money?

Sol: here A:B:C = 100:65:40 = 20:13:8

now 20+13+8=41

As 8/14 of the whole sum=Rs 8

So, the whole sum=Rs 8x41/8=Rs 41

10. In 40 liters mixture of milk and water the ratio of milk and water is 3:1. how much water should be added in the mixture so that the ratio of milk to water becomes 2:1.?

Sol: here only amount of water is changing. the amount of milk remains same in both the mixtures. So, amount of milk before addition of water =(3/4)X40=30 ltrs. So amount of water is 10 ltrs.

After addition of water the ratio changes to 2:1.here the mixture has two ltrs of milk for every 1 ltr of water. Since amount of milk is 30 ltrs the amount of water has to be 15 ltr so that the ratio is 2:1. So the amount of water to be added is 15-10=5 liters.

11. A sum of Rs. 427 is to be divided among A, B and C such that 3 times A’s share, 4 tunes B’s share and 7 times C’s share are all equal. The share of C is

Sol: 3A = 4B = 7C = k,Then A = k/3, B = k/4 and C= k/7.
A : B : C = k/3 : k/4 : k/7 = 28:21 :12.
Cs share = Rs. [427 x (12/61)] = Rs. 84

12. If a+b : b+c : c+a = 6 : 7 : 8 and a + b + c = 14, then the value of c is

Sol: a/3) = (b/4) = (c/7) then a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k
a+b+c/c = 3k+4k+7k/7k = 14k/7k = 2

13. The least whole number which when subtracted from both the terms of the ratio 6 : 7 to give a ratio less than 16 : 21, is.

Sol: Let x is subtracted. Then, ((6 - x)/(7 - x)) < 16 / 21
21(6—x) < 16(7—x) ⇒ 5x > 14 = x > 2.8.
Least such number is 3.

14. If 15% of x is the same as 20% of y, then x : y is :

Sol: 15% of x = 2O% of y ⇒ 15x/100 = 20y/100 ⇒ x/y = 4/3

15. The ratio of income of A to that of B is 5 : 4 and the expenditure of A to that of B is 3: 2. If at the end of the year, each saves Rs, 800, the income of A is: .

Sol: Let the income of A and B be 5x and 4x and. the expenditures of A and B be 3y and 2y. Then, 5x—3y = 800 and 4x— 2y= 800.
On solving we get: x = 400. As income = 5x = Rs. 2000.

16. An alloy is to contain copper and zinc in the ratio 9:4. The zinc required (in kg) to be melted with 24 kg of copper, is 7

Sol: 9:4: 24:x ⇒ 9x = 4 * 24 ⇒ x = (4*24)/9 = 32/3 Kg. hence `0 and 1/3

17. The ratio of two numbers is 3 : 4 and their sum is 420. The greater of the two numbers is

Sol: Required number = (420 * (4/7)) = 240.

18. Rs. 730 were divided among A, B, C in such a way that if A gets Rs. 3, then B gets Rs. 4 and if B gets Rs. 3.50 then C gets Rs. 3. The share of B exceeds that of C by:

Sol: A:B = 3:4 and B:C = 7/2:3 = (8/7)*(7/2)*(8/7)*3 = 4:(24/7)
A : B : C = 3 :4: 24/7 = 21 : 28 : 24.
Bs share = Rs. [730 *(28/73)]= Rs. 280.
C’s share = Rs. [730 * (24/73)] = Rs. 240.
Difference of their shares = 40

19. If 7 : x = 17.5 : 22.5 , then the value of x is:.

Sol: 7*22.5 = x*17.5 ⇒ x = 7 * 22.5/17.5 ⇒ x = 9.

20. What number should be subtracted from both the terms of the ratio 15 : 19 so as to make it as 3 : 4 ?

Sol: Let x be subtracted. Then,
(15 - x) / (19 - x) = 3/4 ⇒ 4(15 - x) = 3(19 - x) x = 3

21. What number should be added to each of the numbers 8, 21, 13 and 31 so that the resulting numbers, in this order form a proportion?

Sol: (8+x)/(21+x) = (13+x)/(31+x)
Then, (8 + x)(31 + x) = (13 + x)(21 + x)
or39x + 248 = 34x + 273 or 5x=25 or x = 5.

22. If 0.4: 1.4: 1.4: x, the value of x is

Sol: 0.4 * x = 1.4 * 1.4 ⇒ x = (1.4*1.4)/0.4 = 4.9

23. A dog takes 3 leaps for every 5 leaps of a hare. If one leap of the dog is equal to 3 leaps of the hare, the ratio of the speed of the dog to that of the hare is:.

Sol: Dog : Hare = (3*3) leaps of hare : 5 leaps of hare = 9 : 5.

24. The salaries of A, B, and C are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. The salary of B and C together is Rs. 6000. By what percent is the salary of C more than that of A?

Sol: Let the salaries of A, B, C hex, 2x and 3x respectively.
Then,2x + 3x = 6000 = x = 1200. As salary = Rs. 1200, Bs salary = Rs. 2400, and Cs salary Rs. 3600.
Excess of Cs salary over As=[(2400/1200)x100] = 200%.

25. A certain amount was divided between Salim and Rahim in the ratio of 4 : 3. If Rahim’s share was Rs. 2400, the total amount was.

Sol: Let S = 4x and R = 3x. Total amount = 7x.
Then, 3x = 2400 so x= 800.
Total amount = 7x = Rs. 5600

26. A sum of money is to the divided among F, Q andR in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 5. If the total share of P andR together is Rs 400 more than that of Q, what is R’s share in it

Sol: Let P = 2x , Q = 3x and R=5x. Now P+R-Q = 400 2x+5x-3x = 400 hence x =1OO R = 5x = 500.

27. Pencils, Pens and Exercise books in a shop are in the ratio of 10: 2 : 3. If there are 120 pencils, the number of exercise books in the shop is:.

Sol: Let Pencils = 10x, Pens = 2x & Exercise books = 3x. Now, 10x = 120 hence x = 12.
Number of exercise books = 3x = 36.

28. If p : q = 3 : 4 and q : r= 8 : 9, then p : r is

Sol: p/r = (p/q) * (q/r) = (3/4) * (8/9) = 2/3 so p : q = 2:3

29. Rs. 120 are divided among A, B, C such that A’s share is Rs. 20 more than B’s and Rs. 20 less than C’s. What is B’s share..

Sol: Let C = x. Then A = (x—20) and B = (x—40).
x + x - 20 + x - 40 = 120 Or x=60.
A:B:C = 40:20:60 = 2:1 :3.
Bs share = Rs. 120*(1/6) = Rs. 20.

30. If three numbers in the ratio 3 : 2: 5 be such that the sum of their squares is 1862, the middle number will be:

Sol: Let the numbers be 3x, 2x and 5x. Then,
9x + 4x + 25x =1862 ⇒ 38x = 1862 ⇒ x = 49 ⇒ x = 7.
middle number = 2x = 14.

31. In a college, the ratio of the number of boys to girls is 8 : 5. If there are 160 girls, the total number of students in the college is:

Sol: Let the number of boys and girls be 8x and 5x.

Total number of students = 13x = 13 x 32 = 416.

32. X, Y and Z share a sum of money in the ratio 7 : 8 : 16. If Z receives Rs. 27 more than X, then the total money shared was:

Sol: Let X = 7x, Y = 8x & Z = 16x. Then, total money = 31x.
Now, Z - X = 27 so 16x—7x = 27 that is why x = 3.
Total money 31*x = Rs.93.

33. An amount of money is to be distributed among F, Q and R in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7. If Qs share is Rs. 1500, what is the difference between Ps and Rs shares?.

Sol: Let P = 3x, Q = 5x and R = 7x.
Then, 5x = 1500 ⇒ x = 300. P=900,Q=1500 and R = 21OO.
Hence, (R - p) = (2100 - 900) = 1200

34. A profit of Rs. 30000 is to be distributed among A, B, C in the proportion 3 : 5 : 7. What will be the difference between B’s and C’s shares?

Sol: Bs share = Rs. 30000 *(5/15) = Rs.10000.
C’s share = Rs. 30000 * (7/15) = Rs.14000,
Difference in Bs and Cs shares = Rs.4000.

35. The compounded ratio of (2 : 3), (6: 11) and (11 :2) is

Sol; Required ratio = (2/3) * () * (6/11) * (11/2) = 2/1

36. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7: 8. If the percentage increase in the number of boys and girls be 20% and 10% respectively, what will be the new ratio?

Sol: Originally, let the number of boys and girls in the college be 7x and 8x respectively.

Their increased number is (120% of 7x) and (110% of 8x).

		120	x 7x		and		110	x 8x
		100					100

	42x	and	44x
	5		5

The required ratio =		42x	:	44x		= 21: 22.
		5		5

37. Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2 : 3. If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the new ratio becomes 40 : 57. What is Sumit's salary?

Sol: Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs. 2x and Rs. 3x respectively.

Then,	2x + 4000	=	40
	3x + 4000		57

57(2x + 4000) = 40(3x + 4000)

6x = 68,000

3x = 34,000

Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs.(34000 + 4000) = Rs. 38,000

38. The sum of three numbers is 98. If the ratio of the first to second is 2 :3 and that of the second to the third is 5 : 8, then the second number is:

Sol: Let the three parts be A, B, C. Then,

A : B = 2 : 3 and B : C = 5 : 8 =		5 x	3		:		8 x	3		= 3 :	24
			5					5			5

A : B : C = 2 : 3 :	24	= 10 : 15 : 24
	5

B =		98 x	15		= 30.
			49

39. If Rs. 782 be divided into three parts, proportional to : : , then the first part is

Sol: Given ratio =

= 6 : 8 : 9.

1^st part = Rs.	782 x	6	= Rs. 204
		23

40. The salaries A, B, C are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If the increments of 15%, 10% and 20% are allowed respectively in their salaries, then what will be new ratio of their salaries?

Sol: Let A = 2k, B = 3k and C = 5k.

A's new salary =	115	of 2k =		115	x 2k		=	23k
	100			100				10

B's new salary =	110	of 3k =		110	x 3k		=	33k
	100			100				10

C's new salary =	120	of 5k =		120	x 5k		= 6k
	100			100

New ratio		23k	:	33k	: 6k		= 23 : 33 : 60
		10		10

41.If 40% of a number is equal to two-third of another number, what is the ratio of first number to the second number?

Sol: Let 40% of A =	2	B
	3

Then,	40A	=	2B
	100		3

	2A	=	2B
	5		3

	A	=		2	x	5		=	5
	B			3		2			3

A : B = 5 : 3.

42. Two number are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, the new numbers are in the ratio 12 : 23. The smaller number is:

Sol: Let the numbers be 3x and 5x.

Then,	3x - 9	=	12
	5x - 9		23

23(3x - 9) = 12(5x - 9)

9x = 99

x = 11.

The smaller number = (3 x 11) = 33.

43. In a bag, there are coins of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3. If there is Rs. 30 in all, how many 5 p coins are there?

Sol: Let the number of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p coins be x, 2x, 3x respectively.

Then, sum of their values = Rs.		25x	+	10 x 2x	+	5 x 3x		= Rs.	60x
		100		100		100			100

	60x	= 30	x =	30 x 100	= 50.
	100			60

Hence, the number of 5 p coins = (3 x 50) = 150.

44.In a mixture 60 liters, the ratio of milk and water 2 : 1. If the this ratio is to be 1 : 2, then the quantity of water to be further added is:

Sol: Quantity of milk =		60 x	2	litres = 40 litres.
			3

Quantity of water in it = (60- 40) litres = 20 litres.

New ratio = 1 : 2

Let quantity of water to be added further be x litres.

Then, milk : water =		40		.
		20 + x

Now,		40		=	1
		20 + x			2

20 + x = 80

x = 60.

Quantity of water to be added = 60 litres.

45.A sum of money is to be distributed among A, B, C, D in the proportion of 5 : 2 : 4 : 3. If C gets Rs. 1000 more than D, what is B's share?

Sol: Let the shares of A, B, C and D be Rs. 5x, Rs. 2x, Rs. 4x and Rs. 3x respectively.

Then, 4x - 3x = 1000

x = 1000.

B's share = Rs. 2x = Rs. (2 x 1000) = Rs. 2000.

46.Zinc and copper are melted together in the ratio 9 : 11. What is the weight of melted mixture, if 28.8 kg of zinc has been consumed in it?

Sol: For 9 kg zinc, mixture melted = (9 + 11) kg.

For 28.8 kg zinc, mixture melted =

x 28.8

kg = 64 kg.

47. Gold is 19 times as heavy as water and copper is 9 times as heavy as water. In what ratio should these be mixed to get an alloy 15 times as heavy as water?

Sol: G = 19W and C = 9W.

Let 1 gm of gold be mixed with x gm of copper to get (1 + x) gm of the alloy.

(1 gm gold) + (x gm copper) = (x + 1) gm of alloy

19W + 9Wx = (x + 1) x 15W

19 + 9x = 15(x + 1)

6x = 4

x =

Ratio of gold with copper = 1 :

= 3 : 2.

48 The prices of a scooter and a T.V. are in the ratio 7 : 5. If the scooter costs Rs. 8000 more than a T.V. set, then the price of a T.V. set is :

Sol: Let the prices of a scooter and a T.V. set be Rs. 7x and Rs. 5x respectively.

Then, 7x - 5x = 8000

2x = 8000

x = 4000

Price of a T.V. set = Rs. (7 x 4000) = Rs. 28000.

49.A fraction which bears the same ratio

that

does to

, is equal to:

Sol: Let x :

. Then, x x

x =

50.A and B are two alloys of gold and copper prepared by mixing metals in the ratio 7 : 2 and 7 : 11 respectively. If equal quantities of the alloys are melted to form a third alloy C, the ratio of gold and copper in C will be:

Sol: Gold in C =

units =

units. Copper in C =

units =

units.

Gold : Copper =

= 7 : 5.

51. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio

and its perimeter is 104 cm.

The length of the longest side is :

Ratio of sides =

= 6 : 4 : 3.

Largest side =

104 x

cm = 48 cm.

52.Two numbers are in the ratio 1 : 2, If 7 is added to both, their ratio changes to 3 : 5, The greatest number is:

Sol:

Let the numbers be x and 2x.

Then,

x + 7

2x + 7

5(x + 7) = 3(2x + 7)

x = 14.

Greatest number = 28.

53. If 10% of x = 20% of y, then x : y is equal to:

Sol:

10% of x = 20% of y

10x

100

20y

100

x : y = 2 : 1.

54. If 0.75 : x :: 5 : 8, then x is equal to:

Sol:

(x x 5) = (0.75 x 8)

x =

= 1.20.

55. The ages of A and B are in the ratio of 3 : 1. Fifteen years hence, the ratio will be 2: 1. Their present ages are :

Sol;

Let the ages of A and B be 3x years and x years respectively.

Then,

3x + 15

x + 15

2x + 30 = 3x + 15

x = 15

So, A's age = (3 x 15) years = 45 years and B's age = 15 years.

56. If A : B : C = 2 : 3 : 4, then

is equal to:

Sol:

Let A = 2x, B = 3x and C = 4x. Then,

and

= 8 : 9 : 24.

57. If a carton containing a dozen mirrors is dropped, which of the following cannot be the ratio of broken mirrors to unbroken mirrors?

Sol:

For dividing 12 into two whole numbers, the sum of the tatio terms must be a factor of 12.
So, they cannot be in the ratio 3 : 2.

58.The ratio of the incomes of A and B is 5 : 4 and the ratio of their expenditures is 3 : 2. If at the end of the year, each saves Rs. 1600, then the income of A is :

SoL;

Let the incomes of A and B be Rs. 5x and Rs. 4x respectively

and let their expenditures be Rs. 3y and Rs. 2y respectively.

Then, 5x - 3y = 1600 ....(i) and 4x - 2y = 1600 ....(ii)

On multiplying (i) by 2, (ii) by 3 and subtracting, we get : 2x = 1600

x = 800.

A's income = Rs. 5x = Rs. (5 x 800) = Rs. 4000.

59. If A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 4 : 5 and C : D = 6 : 7, then A : B : C : D is:

Sol: A : B = 2 : 3, B : C = 4 : 5 =

4 x

5 x

= 3 :

and C : D = 6 : 7 =

6 x

7 x

A : B : C : D = 2 : 3 :

= 16 : 24 : 30 : 35.

60. A sum of Rs. 1300 is divided amongst P, Q, R and S such that

P's share

Q's share

R's share

S's share

. Then, P's share is :

Sol:

Let P = 2x and Q = 3x. Then,

R =

Q =

x 3x

Also,

S =

R =

27x

Thus, P = 2x, Q = 3x, R =

and S =

27x

Now, P + Q + R + S = 1300

2x + 3x +

27x

= 1300

(8x + 12x + 18x + 27x) = 5200

65x = 5200

x =

5200

= 80.

P's share = Rs. (2 x 80) = Rs. 160.

61. A certain amount was divided between A and B in the ratio 4 : 3. If B’s share was Rs. 4800, the total amount was:

Sol: If B’s share is Rs. 3, total amount = Rs. 7.

If B’s share is Rs. 4800. total amount = Rs.

x 4800

= Rs. 11200.

62. A sum of Rs. 53 is divided among A, B, C in such a way that A gets Rs. 7 more than what B gets and B gets Rs. 8 more than what C gets. The ratio of their shares is:

Sol: Suppose C gets Rs. x.Then, B gets Rs. (x + 8) and A gets Rs. (x + 15).

Then, x + (x + 8) + (x + 15) = 53

x = 10.

A : B : C = (10 + 15) : (10 + 8) : 10 = 25 : 18 : 10.

63. The ratio of three numbers is 3: 4: 7 and their product is 18144. The numbers are:

Sol: Let the numbers be 3x, 4x and 7x. Then,

3x x 4x x 7x = 18144

x³ = 216,

x³ = 6³

x = 6.

The numbers are 18, 24 and 42.

64. what least number must be subtracted from each of the numbers 14, 17, 34 and 42 so that the remainders may be proportional?

Sol: Let the required number be x.

Then, (14 – x) : (17 – x) : : (34 – x) : (42 – x).

14 - x

17 - x

34 - x

42 - x

(14 - x) (42 - x) = (17 - x) (34 - x)

x² - 56x + 588

x² - 51x + 578

5x = 10

x = 2

Required number = 2.

65. If 76 is divided into four parts proportional to 7, 5, 3, 4. then the smallest part is

Sol: Given ratio = 7 : 5 : 3 : 4, Sum of ratio terms = 19.

Smallest part =

76 x

= 12.

66.The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a school is 3 : 2. If 20% of the boys and 25% of the girls are scholarship holders, what percentage of the students does not get the scholarship?

Sol: Let boys = 3x and girls = 2x

Number of those who do not get scholarship = (80% of 3x) + (75% of 2x)

100

x 3x

100

x 2x

39x

Required percentage

39x

x 100

% = 78%.

67.Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. The ratio of the two numbers is:

Sol: Let the third number be x.

Then, first Number = 120% of x =

120x

100

;

second number = 150% of x =

150x

100

;

Ratio of first two numbers =

= 12x : 15x = 4 : 5.

68. If

, then A : B : C is :

Sol:

Let

= k. Then, A = 3k, B = 4k and C = 5k

A : B : C = 3k : 4k : 5k = 3 : 4 : 5.

69. An amount of Rs. 2430 is divided among A, B and C such that if their shares be reduced by Rs. 5, Rs.10 and Rs. 15 respectively, the remainders shall be in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5. Then, B’s share was

Sol:

Remainder = Rs. [2430 – (5 + 10 + 15)] = Rs. 2400.

B's share = Rs.

2400 x

+ 10

= Rs. 810.

70.If

, then

a + b + c

is equal to :

Sol:

Let

= k, Then, a = 3k, b = 4k, c = 7k.

a + b + c

3k + 4k + 7k

14k

= 2.

71.The lease whole number which when subtracted from both the terms of the ratio 6 : 7 gives a ratio less than 16 : 21 is:

Sol:

Let x be subtracted. Then,

6 - x

7 - x

21 (6 - x) < 16 (7 - x)

5x > 14

x > 2.8

Least such whole number is 3.

72. The speeds of three cars are in the ratio 5 : 4 : 6. The ratio between the time taken by them to travel the same distance is :

Sol:Ratio of time taken =

= 12 : 15 : 10

73.In a school, 10% of the boys are same in number as

th of the girls.

.What is the ratio of boys to girls in that school?

Sol:

10% of B =

10B

100

B =

B : G = 5 : 2.

FACTS ABOUT SBI : The largest Bank of India

# State Bank of India date back to 1806 when the Bank of Calcutta (later called the Bank of Bengal) was established. In 1921, the Bank of Bengal and two other banks (Bank of Madras and Bank of Bombay) were merged to form the Imperial Bank of India.

# In 1955, the Reserve Bank of India acquired the controlling interests of the Imperial Bank of India and SBI was created by an act of Parliament to succeed the Imperial Bank of India.

# State Bank of India (SBI) is a multinational banking and financial services companybased in India. It is a government-owned corporation with its headquarters in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

# In 1959, the government passed the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, which made 8 state banks associates of SBI. In 1963, State Bank of Bikaner and State Bank of Jaipur were merged to form State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur (SBBJ).In 13 September 2008, State Bank of Saurashtra merged with the parent bank – SBI. In 2010, State Bank of Indore was merged with SBI.

# The logo of the State Bank of India is a blue circle with a small cut in the bottom that depicts perfection and the small man the common man - being the center of the bank's business.

# Slogans: "PURE BANKING, NOTHING ELSE", "WITH YOU - ALL THE WAY", "A BANK OF THE COMMON MAN", "THE BANKER TO EVERY INDIAN", "THE NATION BANKS ON US"

# As of December 2013, it had assets of US$388 billion and 17,000 branches, including 190 foreign offices, making it the largest banking and financial services company in India by assets.

# SBI group consists of SBI and 5 associate banks.

1. State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur

2. State Bank of Hyderabad

3. State Bank of Mysore

4. State Bank of Patiala

5. State Bank of Travancore

Old private-sector banks in India (Establishment & Headquarters)

1. Catholic Syrian Bank( 1920) —Thrissur
2. City Union Bank (1904) — Kumbakonam
3. Dhanlaxmi Bank (1927) — Thrissur

4. Federal Bank (1931) — Aluva
5. ING Vysya Bank (1930) — Banglore
6. Jammu and Kashmir Bank (1938) — Srinagar
7. Karnataka Bank (1924) — Manglore
8. Karur Vysya Bank (1916) — Karur
9. Lakshmi Vilas Bank (1926) — Karur
10. Nainital Bank( 1912) Nainital
11. Ratnakar Bank (1943) — Kolhapur
12. SBI Commercial and international Bank (1955) —Mumbai
13. South Indian Bank (1929) — Thrissur

14. Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited ( 1921) — Tuticorin

MD’S Of PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS (REVISED)

State Bank of India – Smt. Arundathi Bhattacharya
Andhra Bank – CVR Rajendra
Allahabad Bank – Rakesh Sethi

Bank of Baroda – S. S. Mundra
Bank of India – Vijayalakshmi R Iyer
Bank of Maharashtra – Shri. Sushil Muhno
Bharatiya Mahila Bank – Usha Ananthasubramanian
Canara Bank – R. K. Dubey
Central Bank of India – Rajeev Rishi
Corporation Bank – Sadhuram Bansal
Dena Bank – Ashwini Kumar
Indian Bank – T. M. Bashin
Indian Overseas Bank – M. Narendra
Oriental Bank of Commerce – S. L. Bansal
Punjab and Sindh Bank – Jatinder Bir Singh
Punjab National Bank – K. R. Kamath
Syndicate Bank – Sudhir Kumar Jain
UCO Bank – Arun Kaul
Union Bank of India – Arun Tiwari
United Bank of India – Smt. Archana Bhargava (Resigned)
Vijaya Bank – V. Kannan
IDBI Bank – M. S. Raghavan

Supreme Court Judgement on CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4506 OF 2014: Govt woman employee can get uninterrupted two-year child care leave (CCL)

Supreme Court Judgement : Govt woman employee can get uninterrupted two-year leave forchild care

Title	Coram	Date of Judgement
KAKALI GHOSH Vs. CHIEF SECY. A & N ADMINISTRATION & ORS.	SUDHANSU JYOTI MUKHOPADHAYA, V. GOPALA GOWDA	15/04/2014

REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4506 OF 2014

(arising out of SLP (C) No. 33244 of 2012)

KAKALI GHOSH

… APPELLANT

VERSUS

CHIEF SECRETARY,
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR
ADMINISTRATION AND ORS.

… RESPONDENTS

J U D G M E N T

Sudhansu Jyoti Mukhopadhaya, J.

Leave granted.

2. This appeal has been directed against the judgment dated 18th September, 2012 passed by the High Court of Calcutta, Circuit Bench at Port Blair. By the impugned judgment, the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court allowed the writ petition and set aside the judgment and order dated 30th April, 2012 passed by the Central Administrative Tribunal Calcutta, Circuit Bench at Port Blair (hereinafter referred to as, ‘the Tribunal’).

3. The only question which requires to be determined in this appeal is whether a woman employee of the Central Government can ask for uninterrupted 730 days of Child Care Leave (hereinafter referred to as, -

‘the CCL’) under Rule 43-C of the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972 (hereinafter referred to as, ‘the Rules’).

4. The appellant initially applied for CCL for six months commencing from 5th July, 2011 by her letter dated 16th May, 2011 to take care of her son who was in 10th standard. In her application, she intimated that she is the only person to look after her minor son and her mother is a heart patient and has not recovered from the shock due to the sudden demise of her father; her father-in-law is almost bed ridden and in such circumstances, she was not in a position to perform her duties effectively. While her application was pending, she was transferred to Campbell Bay in Nicobar District (Andaman and Nicobar) where she joined on 06th July, 2011. By her subsequent letter dated 14th February, 2012 she requested the competent authority to allow her to avail CCL for two years commencing from 21st May, 2012. However, the authorities allowed only 45 days of CCL by their Office Order No. 254 dated 16th March, 2012.

5. Aggrieved appellant then moved before the Tribunal in O.A. No.47/A&N/2012 which allowed the application by order dated 30th April,2012 with following observation:-

“12. Thus O.A. is allowed. Respondents are accordingly directed to act strictly in accordance with DOPT O.M. dated 11.9.2008 as amended/clarified on 29.9.2008 and 18.11.2008, granting her CCL for the due period. No costs.”

6. The order passed by the Tribunal was challenged by respondents before the Calcutta High Court which by impugned judgment and order dated 18th September, 2012 while observing that leave cannot be claimed as a right, held as follows:

“It is evident from the provisions of sub r.(3) of r.43-C of the rules that CCL can be granted only according to the conditions mentioned in the sub-rule, and that one of the conditions is that CCL shall not be granted for more than three spells in a calendar year. It means that CCL is not to be granted for a continuous period, but only in spells.

From the provisions of sub r.(3) of r.43-C of the rules it is also evident that a spell of CCL can be for as less as 16 days. This means that in a given case a person, though eligible to take CCL for a maximum period of 730 days, can be granted CCL in three spells in a calendar year for as less as 48 days.”

The High Court further observed:

“Whether an eligible person should be granted CCL at all, and, if so, for what period, are questions to be decided by the competent authority; for the person is to work in the interest of public service, and ignoring public service exigencies that must prevail over private exigencies no leave can be granted.”

7. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that there is no bar to grant uninterrupted 730 days of CCL under Rule 43-C. The High Court was not justified in holding that CCL can be granted in three spells in a calendar year as less as 48 days at a time. It was also contended that the respondents failed to record ground to deny uninterrupted CCL to appellant for the rest of the period.

8. Per contra, according to respondents, Rule 43-C does not permit uninterrupted CCL for 730 days as held by the High Court.

9. Before we proceed to discuss the merits or otherwise of the above contentions, it will be necessary for us to refer the relevant Rule and the guidelines issued by the Government of India from time to time.

10. The Government of India from its Department of Personnel and Training vide O.M. No. 13018/2/2008-Estt. (L) dated 11th September, 2008 intimated that CCL can be granted for maximum period of 730 days during the entire service period to a woman government employee for taking care of up

to two children, relevant portion of which reads as follows:

“Child Care Leave for 730 days.

***

Women employees having minor children may be granted Child Care Leave by an authority competent to grant leave, for a maximum period of two years (i.e. 730 days) during their entire service for taking care of up to two children, whether for rearing or to look after any of their needs like examination, sickness, etc. Child Care Leave shall not be admissible if the child is eighteen years of age or older. During the period of such leave, the women employees shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave. It may be availed of in more than one spell. Child Care Leave shall not be debited against the leave account. Child Care Leave may also be allowed for the third year as leave not due (without production of medical certificate). It may be combined with leave of the kind due and admissible.”

11. It was followed by Circular issued by Government of India from its Personnel and Training Department vide O.M. No. 13018/2/2008- Estt. (L), dated 29th September, 2008 by which it was clarified that CCL

would be also admissible to a woman government employee to look after third child below 18 years of age, which is as follows:

“(2) Clarifications:-

The question as to whether child care leave would be admissible for the third child below the age of 18 years and the procedure for grant of child care leave have been under consideration in this Department, and it has now been decided as follows:-

i) Child Care Leave shall be admissible for two eldest surviving children only.

ii) The leave account for child care leave shall be maintained in the pro forma enclosed, and it shall be kept along with the Service Book of the Government Servant concerned.”

12. Rule 43-C was subsequently inserted by Government of India, Department of Personnel and Training, Notification No. F.No. 11012/1/2009- Estt. (L) dated 1st December, 2009, published in G.S.R. No. 170 in the Gazette of India dated 5th December, 2009 giving effect from 1st September, 2008 as quoted below:-

“43-C. Child Care Leave

1) A women Government servant having minor children below the age of eighteen years and who has no earned leave at her credit, may be granted child care leave by an authority competent to grant leave, for a maximum period of two years, i.e. 730 days during the entire service for taking care of up to two children, whether for rearing or to look after any of their needs like examination, sickness, etc.

2) During the period of child care leave, she shall be paid leave salary equal to the pay drawn immediately before proceeding on leave.

3) Child care leave may be combined with leave of any other kind.

4) Notwithstanding the requirement of production of medical certificate contained in sub-rule (1) of Rule 30 or sub-rule (1) of Rule 31, leave of the kind due and admissible (including commuted leave not exceeding 60 days and leave not due) up to a maximum of one year, if applied for, be granted in continuation with child care leave granted under sub-rule (1).

5) Child care leave may be availed of in more than one spell.

6) Child care leave shall not be debited against the leave account.”

13. On perusal of circulars and Rule 43-C, it is apparent that a woman government employee having minor children below 18 years can avail CCL for maximum period of 730 days i.e. during the entire service period for taking care of upto two children. The care of children is not for rearing the smaller child but also to look after any of their needs like examination, sickness etc. Sub Rule (3) of Rule 43-C allows woman government employee to combine CCL with leave of any other kind. Under Sub Rule (4) of Rule 43- C leave of the kind due and admissible to woman government employee including commuted leave not exceeding 60 days; leave not due up to a maximum of one year, can be applied for and granted in continuation with CCL granted under Sub Rule (1). From plain reading of Sub Rules (3) and (4) of Rule 43-C it is clear that CCL even beyond 730 days can be granted by combining other leave if due. The finding of the High Court is based neither on Rule 43-C nor on guidelines issued by the Central Government. The Tribunal was correct in directing the respondents to act strictly in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Government of India and Rule 43-C.

14. In the present case, the appellant claimed for 730 days of CCL at a stretch to ensure success of her son in the forthcoming secondary/senior examinations (10th/11th standard). It is not in dispute that son was minor below 18 years of age when she applied for CCL. This is apparent from the fact that the competent authority allowed 45 days of CCL in favour of the appellant. However, no reason has been shown by the competent authority for disallowing rest of the period of leave.

15. Leave cannot be claimed as of right as per Rule 7, which reads as follows:

“7. Right to leave (1) Leave cannot be claimed as of right.
(2) When the exigencies of public service so require, leave of any kind may be refused or revoked by the authority competent to grant it, but it shall not be open to that authority to alter the kind of leave due and applied for except at the written request of the Government servant.”

However, under Sub-Rule (2) of Rule 7 leave can be refused or revoked by the competent authority in the case of exigencies of public service.

16. In fact, Government of India from its Ministry of Home Affairs and Department of Personnel and Training all the time encourage the government employees to take leave regularly, preferably annually by its Circular issued by the Government of India M.H.A.O.M. No. 6/51/60-Ests. (A), dated 25th January, 1961, reiterated vide Government of India letter dated 22/27th March, 2001. As per those circulars where all applications for leave cannot, in the interest of public service, be granted at the same time, the leave sanctioning authority may draw up phased programme for the grant of leave to the applicants by turn with due regard to the principles enunciated under the aforesaid circulars.

17. In the present case the respondents have not shown any reason to refuse 730 days continuous leave. The grounds taken by them and as held by High Court cannot be accepted for the reasons mentioned above.

18. For the reasons aforesaid, we set aside the impugned judgment dated 18th September, 2012 passed by the Division Bench of Calcutta High Court, Circuit Bench at Port Blair and affirm the judgment and order dated 30th April, 2012 passed by the Tribunal with a direction to the respondents to comply with the directions issued by the Tribunal within three months from the date of receipt/production of this judgment.

19. The appeal is allowed with aforesaid directions. No costs.

………………………………………………….J.

(SUDHANSU JYOTI MUKHOPADHAYA)

……………………………………………….J.

(V. GOPALA GOWDA)

NEW DELHI,

APRIL 15, 2014.

Source/View/Download: http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41412

Courtesy : http://karnmk.blogspot.in/

POSTAL ASSISTANT EXAM MATERIAL- QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE-PIPES & CISTERNS

Disclaimer:- All the Information provided in this post are prepared & compiled by A. Praveen Kumar, SPM, Papannapet SO-502303, Telangana State for in good faith of Postal Assistant Exam Aspirants. Author of blog does not accepts any responsibility in relation to the accuracy, completeness, usefulness or otherwise, of contents.

Pipes and Cisterns:

It’s based on the Time and work model.

Terms which are used in these problems are

Inlet:

A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, that fills it, is known as an inlet.

Outlet:

A pipe connected with a tank or a cistern or a reservoir, emptying it,is known as an outlet.

Properties:

§ If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then:

part filled in 1 hour = 1/x

§ If a pipe can empty a tank in y hours, then:

part filled in 1 hour = 1/y

§ If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the tank the full tank in y hours ( where y>x), there on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in 1 hour = { 1/x – 1/y }

§ If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the tank the full tank in y hours ( where y

E represents Total time taken to empty the tank

F represents Total time taken to fill the tank

L represents the L.C.M

e represents time taken to empty the tank

f represents time taken to fill the tank

§ Time for emptying, (emptying pipe is bigger in size.)

E = (f * e)/(f – e)

§ Time for filling, (Filling pipe is bigger in size.)

F = (e * f)/(e – f)

§ Pipes ‘A’ & ‘B’ can fill a tank in f1 hrs & f2 hrs respectively. Another pipe ‘C’ can empty the full tank in ‘e’ hrs. If the three pipes are opened simultaneously then the tank is filled in ,

F = L/[(L/f1) + (L/f2) - (L/e)]

§ Two taps ‘A’ & ‘B’ can fill a tank in ‘t1′ & ‘t2′ hrs respectively. Another pipe ‘C’ can empty the full tank in ‘e’ hrs. If the tank is full & all the three pipes are opened simultaneously. Then the tank will be emptied in,

E = L/[(L/e) - (L/f1) - (L/f2)]

§ Capacity of the tank is , F = (f * e)/(e – f)

§ A filling tap can fill a tank in ‘f’ hrs. But it takes ‘e’ hrs longer due to a leak at the bottom. The leak will empty the full tank in ,

E = [ t(f + e) * tf ] / [ t(f + e) – tf ]

Example:

1.If a pipe can fill the tank in 6 hrs but unfortunately there was a leak in the tank due to which it took 30 more minutes .Now if the tank was full how much time will it take to get emptied through the leak?

Sol: By last property,

t(f+e) = 6+0.5 =6.5hrs

tf = 6 hrs

E = 6.5*6 / (6.5 – 6)

= 78 hrs .

2.A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank in 6 hours. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 4 litres a minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due to the leak the tank is empty in 8 hours. The capacity of the tank (in litres) is

Sol: Work done by the inlet in 1 hour = (1/6) - (1/8) = 1/24
Work done by the inlet in 1 min = (1/24) * (1/60) = 1/1440
Volume of 1/1440 part = 4 liters.
Volume of whole = (1440 * 4) litres = 5760 litres.

3.12 buckets of water fill a tank when the capacity of each bucket is 13.5 litres. How many buckets will be needed to fill the same tank, if the capacity of each bucket is 9 litres?

Sol: Capacity of the tank = (12 * 13.5) litres = 162 litres.
Capacity of each bucket = 9 litres
Number of buckets needed = (162/9) = 18.

4.One tap can fill a cistern in 2 hours and another tap can empty the cistern in 3 hours. How long will they take to fill the cistern if both the taps are opened ?

Sol: Net part filled in 1 hour = (1/2) - (1/3) = 1/6
Cistern will be full in 6 hours

5.A cistern can be filled in 9 hours but it takes 10 hours due to in its bottom. If the cistern is full, then the time that the leak will take to empty it, is:

Sol: Work done by the leak in 1 hour = (1/9 - 1/10) = 1/90.
Leak will empty the full cistern in 90 hrs

6.A leak in the bottom of a tank can empty the full tank in 8 hours. An inlet pipe fills water at the rate of 6 litres a minute. When the tank is full, the inlet is opened and due to the leak, the tank is empty in 12 hours. How many litres does the cistern hod?

Sol: Work done by the inlet in 1 hour = (1/8) - (1/12) = 1/24
Work done by the inlet in 1 min = (1/24) * (1/60) = 1/1440
Volume of 1/1440 part = 6 litres
Volume of whole = (1440 x 6) litres 8640 litres

7.An electric pump can fill a tank in 3 hours. Because of a leak in the tank, it took 3 hours 30 min to fill the tank. The leak can drain out all the water of the tank in :.

Sol: Work done by the leak in 1 hour = (1/3) - (2/7) = 1/21 .
Leak will mpty the tank in 21 hours.

8.TapsA and B can fill a bucket in 12 minutes and 15 minutes respectively. If both are opened and A is closed after 3 minutes, how much further time would it take for B to fill the bucket

Sol: Part filled in 3min = 3[(1/12) + (1/15)] = 3 * (9/60) = 9/20
Remaining part = 1 - (9/20) = 11/20
Part filled by B in 1 min = 1/15
(1/15) : (11/20) = 1 : x or x = (11/20) * 1 * (15/1) = 8 min 15 sec
Remaining part is filled by B in 8 ruin. 15 sec.

9. Two pipes A and B can fill a cistern in 12 minutes and 16 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are opened together, then after how much time B should be closed so that the tank is full in 9 minutes ?

Sol: Let B be closed after x minutes. Then,
Part filled by (A + B) in x min. + Part filled by A in (9 — x) min, = 1
x[(1/12) + (1/16)] + (9 - x)(1/12) = 1 or (7x/48) + (9-x)/12 = 1
or7x + 36 — 4x = 48 or x=4.
So, B must be closed after 4 minutes

10.Bucket P has thrice the capacity as bucket Q It takes 60 turns for bucket P to fill the empty drum. How many turns it wifi take for both the buckets P and Q, having each turn together to fill the empty drum

Sol: Let capacity of P be y litres. Then, capacity of Q = y/3 litres. Capacity of the drum = 60y litres.
Required number of turns = 60y /(y + (y/3)) = (60 * (3/4y) = 45

11.To fill a cistern, pipes A, B and C take 20 minutes, 15 minutes and 12 minutes respectively. The time in minutes that the three pipes together will take to fill the cistern, is : .

Sol; Part filled by (A +B+ c) in 1 min. = (1/20) +(1/15) + (1/12) = 12/60 = 1/5
All the three pipes together will fill the tank in 5 min.

12. A tap can fill a tank in 16 minutes and another can empty it in8 minutes. If the tank is already half full and both the tanks are oped together, the tank will be:

Sol; Rate of waste pipe being more, the tank will be emptied when both the pipes are opened.
Net emptying work done by both in 1 min = (1/8) - (1/16) = 1/16
Now, full tank will be emptied by them in 16 min.
Half full tank will be emptied in 8 min.

13.A tank can be filled by a tap in 20 minutes and by another tap in 6O minutes. Both the taps are kept open for 10 minutes and then the first tap is shut off. After this, the tank will be completely filled in

Sol; Part filled in 10 min = 10[(1/20) + (1/60)] = 10 * (4/60) = 2/3
Remaining part = (1 - (2/3)) = 1/3
Part filled by second tap in 1 min = 1/60
(1/60) : (1/3) ∷ 1 : x
Hence, the remaining part will be filled in 20 min

14.Two taps A and B can fill a tank in 10 hours and 15 hours respectively. If both the taps are opened together, the tank will be full in:

Sol: As hours work=1/10, Bs 1 hours work = 1/15,
(A+B)s 1 hours work = (1/10) + (1/15) = 5/30 = 1/6
Both the taps can fill the tank in 6 hours.

15.Two pipes can fill a tank in 10 hours and 12 hours respectively while a third pipe empties the full tank in 20 hours. If all the three pipes operate simultaneously, in how much time the tank will be filled?.

Sol: Net part filled in 1 hour = (1/10) + (1/12) + (1/20) = 8/60 = 2/15
The tank will be full in 15/2 hrs = 7 hrs 30 min.

16.Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 20 and 30 minutes respectively. If both the pipes are used together, then how long will it take to fill the tank?

Part filled by A in 1 min. =

; Part filled by B in 1 min. =

Part filled by (A + B) in 1 min.

Both the pipes can fill the tank in 12 minutes.

17.Pipes A and B can fill a tank in 5 and 6 hours respectively. Pipe C can empty it in 12 hours. If all the three pipes are opened together, then the tank will be filled in:

Sol: Net part filled in 1 hour =

The Tank will be full in

hrs i,e., 3

hrs.

18.One pipe ca fill a tank three times as fast as another pipe. If together the two pipes can fill the tank in 36 minutes, then the slower pipe alone will be able to fill the tank in:

Sol:

Let the slower pipe alone fill the tank in x minutes.

Then, faster pipe will fill it in

minutes.

x = 144 min.

19.A cistern can be filled by a tap in 4 hours while it can be emptied by another tap in 9 hours. If both the taps are opened simultaneously, then after how much time will the cistern get filled?

Sol:

Net part filled in 1 hour =

The cistern will be filled in

hrs i.e., 7.2 hrs.

20.A tank is filled in 5 hours by three pipes A, B and C. The pipe C is twice as fast as B and B is twice as fast as A. How much time will pipe A alone take to fill the tank?

Suppose pipe A alone takes x hours to fill the tank.

Then, pipes B and C will take

and

hours respectively to fill the tank

x = 35 hrs.

Source : http://akulapraveen.blogspot.in

MISCELLANEOUS GK - NICKNAMES

1. Rice bowl of India - Krishna-Godavari delta.
2. Granary of South India - AndhraPradesh.
3. Granary of India - Punjab.
4. Spice Garden of India - Kerala.
5. Sugar bowl of India - UP.
6. Sugar bowl of the World - Cuba.
7. Spice bottle of India - Kerala.
8. Tea Garden of India - Assam.
9. Green gold - Bamboo.
10. Queen of spices - Cardamon.
11. King of spices - Pepper - Blackgold.
12. Golden fiber- Jute.
13. White gold - Cotton.
14. Granary of world - USA, Canada and Ukraine.
15. Coffee sea of the world - Brazil

POSTAL ASSISTANT EXAM MATERIAL- QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE-BOATS & STREAMS

Disclaimer:- All the Information provided in this post are prepared & compiled by A. Praveen Kumar, SPM, Papannapet SO-502303, Telangana State for in good faith of Postal Assistant Exam Aspirants. Author of blog does not accepts any responsibility in relation to the accuracy, completeness, usefulness or otherwise, of contents.

BOATS AND STREAMS

1.When a boat is moving in the same direction as the stream or water current, the boat is said to be moving with the stream or moving downstream.

2.Instead of boats in water, it could be a swimmer or a cyclist cycling against or along the wind.

3. When a boat is moving in a direction opposite to that of the stream or water current, the boat is said to be moving against the stream or water current or moving downstream.

4. When the speed of the boat is given, it is the speed of the boat in still water.

5. Speed of the boat against stream or while moving upstream = Speed of the boat in still water - Speed of the stream.

6. Speed of the boat with stream or while moving downstream= Speed of the boat in still water + Speed of the Stream.

7. If 'p' is the speed of the boat down the stream and 'q' is the speed of the boat up the stream, then,

Speed of the boat in still water = (p+q) / 2.

Speed of the boat of the water stream = (p-q) / 2.

8.These problems are governed by the following results:

Downstream (along the current) speed (D) = Boat speed (B) + current (stream) speed (C). D=B+C

Upstream (against the current) speed (U) = Boat speed – current (stream) speed. U=B–C

Speed of the boat = average of downstream and upstream speeds B = (D + U)/2

Speed of the current = half the difference of downstream and upstream speeds C = (D – U)/2

Example:

1.A boat takes 5 hours to go from A to B and 8 hours to return to A. If AB distance is 40 km, find the speed of (a) the boat and (b) the current.

Sol: Since B to A takes more time, it is upstream and hence AB is downstream. Downstream speed = 40/5 = 8 kmph.

Upstream speed= 40/8 = 5 kmph.

Boat speed = (8 + 5)/2 = 6.5 kmph.

Current speed = (8 – 5)/2 = 1.5 kmph.

2.A man cn row a boat at 20 kmph in still water.If the speed of the stream is 6 kmph, what is the time taken to row a distance of 60 km downstream ?

Sol: Speed of downstream = boat speed + stream speed = 20 + 6 = 26 kmph

Time required to cover 60 km downstream = d/s = 60/26 = (30/13) hours.

3.The time taken by a man to row his boat upstream is twice the time taken by him to row the same distance downstream. If the speed of the boat in still water is 42 kmph, find the speed of the stream ?

Sol: The time taken to row his boat upstream is twice the time taken by him to row the same distance downstream. Therefore, the ratio of the time taken is (2:1). So, the ratio of the speed of the boat in still water to the speed of the stream = (2+1)/(2-1) = 3:1 .Thus, Speed of the stream = (42)/3 = 14 kmph.

4. A boat travels 36 km upstream in 9 hours and 42 km downstream in 7 hours. Find the speed of the boat in still water and the speed of the water current ?

Sol: Upstream speed of the boat = 36/9 = 4 kmph

Downstream speed of the boat = 42/ 7 = 6kmph.

Speed of the boat in still water = (6+4) / 2.

= 5 kmph

Speed of the water current = (6-4) /2

= 1 kmph

5.A man can row at 10 kmph in still water. If it takes a total of 5 hours for him to go to a place 24 km away and return, then find the speed of the water current ?

Sol: Let the speed of the water current be y kmph.

Upstream speed = (10- y) kmph

Downstream speed = (10+y) kmph

Total time = (24/ 10+y) + ( 24/10-y) = 5

Hence, 480/ (100-y2 ) = 5

480= 500-5y2, 5y2= 20

y2= 4, y = 2 kmph.

6.A man can row x kmph in still waters. If in a stream which is flowing at y kmph, it takes him z hrs to row from A to B and back (to a place and back), then

Sol: The distance between A and B = z ( x2 - y2) / 2x.

7. A man can row 6 kmph in still water. When the river is running at 1.2 kmph, it takes him 1 hour to row to a place and back. How far is the place?

Sol: Required distance = 1 x ( 62 - ( 1.2)2) kmph

= (36 - 1.44) / 12

= 2.88 km.

In the above case, If distance between A and B, time taken by the boat to go upstream and back again to the starting point, speed of the stream are given; then the speed of the boat in still waters can be obtained using the above given formula.

8. A man rows a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same distance in y hrs. If the stream flows at the rate of z kmph then,

Sol: The speed of the man in still water = z(x+y) / ( y-x) kmph.

9.Ramesh can row a certain distance downstream in 6 hours and return the same distance in 9 hours. If the stream flows at the rate of 3 kmph. Find the speed of Ramesh in still water?

Sol: Ramesh's speed in still water = 3 (9+6) / (9-6)

= 15 kmph.

10.A man rows a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same distance in y hours. If the speed of the man in still water z kmph, then

Sol: Speed of the stream = z (y-x) / (x+y) kmph.

11. Abhinay can row a certain distance downstream in x hours and returns the same distance in y hours. If the speed of Abhinay in still water is 12 kmph. Find the speed of the stream?

Sol: Speed of the stream = 12 ( 9-6) / (9+6)

= 2.4 kmph.

12. If a man can swim downstream at 6 kmph and upstream at 2 kmph, his speed in still water is

Speed in still water = (1/2) * (6 + 2) km/hr = 4 km/hr

13.If a boat goes 7 km upstream in 42 minutes and the speed of the stream is 3 kmph, then the speed of the boat in still water is

Sol: Rate upstream = (7/42)*60 kmh = 10 kmph. Speed of stream = 3 kmph.
Let speed in sttil water is x km/hr
Then, speed upstream = (x —3) km/hr.
x-3 = 10 or x = 13 kmph.

14. A man rows 13 km upstream in 5 hours and also 28 km downstream in 5 hours. The velpciy of the stream is

Sol: speed upstream = (13/5) kmph
speed downstream (28/5) kmph
Velocity of stream = (1/2)[(28/5) - (13/5)] = 1.5 kmph

15. A man can row a boat at 10 kmph in still water. If the speed of the stream is 6 kmph, the time taken to row a distance of 80 km down thestream is

Sol; Speed downstream (10+6) km/hr 16 km/hr.
Time taken to cover 80 km downstream = (80/16) hrs = 5 hrs

16.A man can row 9 and 1/3 kmph in still water and finds that it takes him thrice as much time to row up than as to row, down the same distance in the river. The speed of the current is

Sol: Let speed upstream is x kmph.
Then, speed downstream = 3x kmph.
Speed in still water = (1/2)(3x + x) kmph = 2x kmph.
2x = 28/3 x = 14/3
Speed upstream = 14/3 km/hr, Speed downstream 14 km/hr.
speed of the current = (1/2)[14 - (14/3)] = 14/3 = 4 and 2/3 kmph

17.A man rows 750 m in 675 seconds against the stream and returns in 7 and half minutes. His rowing speed in still water is

Sol: Rate upstream = (750/675) = 10/9 m/sec
Rate downstream (750/450) m/sec = 5/3 m/sec.
Rate in still water = (1/2)*[(10/9) + (5/3)] m/sec. = 25/18 m/sec
= (25/18)*(18/5) kmPh = 5 kmph

18.If anshul rows 15 km upstream and 21 km downstream taking 3 hours each time, th’en the speed of the stream is : .

Sol: Rate upstream = (15/3) kmph
Rate downstream (21/3) kmph = 7 kmph.
Speed of stream (1/2)(7 - 5)kmph = 1 kmph.

19.A man rows to a place 48 km distant and come back in 14 hours. He finds that he can row 4 km with the stream in the same time as 3 km against the stream. The rate of the stream is:

Sol: Suppose he move 4 km downstream in x hours. Then,

Speed downstream =		4		km/hr.
		x

Speed upstream =		3		km/hr.
		x

	48	+	48	= 14 or x =	1	.
	(4/x)		(3/x)		2

So, Speed downstream = 8 km/hr, Speed upstream = 6 km/hr.

Rate of the stream =	1	(8 - 6) km/hr = 1 km/hr.
	2

20. A man takes twice as long to row a distance against the stream as to row the same distance in favour of the stream. The ratio of the speed of the boat (in still water) and the stream is:

Sol: Let man's rate upstream be x kmph.

Then, his rate downstream = 2x kmph.

(Speed in still water) : (Speed of stream) =		2x + x		:		2x - x
		2				2

=	3x	:	x
	2		2

= 3 : 1.

Courtesy : http://akulapraveen.blogspot.in/

Career Prospects of Postal Assistants/Sorting Assistants In Department of Posts

Career Prospects of Postal Assistants/Sorting Assistants In Department of Posts

1. Eligible to be promoted to MACP-1 with grade pay Rs.2800/- and MACP-II with grade pay Rs.4200/- and MACP-III with grade pay of Rs.4600/- on completion of 10, 20 and 30 years of service respectively as per Modified Assured Career Progression scheme.

2. Eligible to appear for Postmaster Gr.1 examination on completion of 5 years of service. On passing the above examination they will be appointed as Postmaster (Gr.1) and thereafter will be promoted to the cadre of Postmaster, Gr.II,Gr.III according to eligibility. Those who have satisfactory service record of 5 years in the cadre of Postmaster Gr.I are eligible to appear for Sr. Postmaster(Gr.B) examination and on passing the examination they will be appointed as Sr. Postmaster in Gazetted Head Post offices. Depending upon their performance and eligibility , they can be appointed as Chief Postmaster(Gr.A) in metropolitian cities like Mumbai, Calcutta etc.

3. Eligible to be promoted to the Supervisory cadre of LSG (Lower Selection Grade) norm based posts with grade pay of Rs. 2800/- and thereafter to the cadre of HSG-II (Higher Selection Grade) with grade pay of Rs.4200/- and subsequently to the cadre of HSG-I with grade pay of Rs.4600/- respectively on completion of requisite period of satisfactory service.

4. Postal Assistants promoted to the LSG Supervisory cadre on completing 5 years of satisfactory service will be eligible to appear for limited departmental completive examination for selection as Superintendent Postal Service group B directly and on passing the above examination they could be posted as Head of Postal/RMS Divisions in the cadre of Superintendent and Assistant Director in postal Administrative wings such as Regional, Circle offices and Postal Directorate New Delhi as the case may be.

5. Eligible to appear for Inspector (posts) examination on completion of 5 years of satisfactory service. On passing the above examination they will be appointed as Inspector (Posts) in Postal/RMS Sub Divisions and thereafter will be promoted to the cadre of Asst. Superintendents in Postal Sub Divisions, Divisional/Regional /Circle offices and Postal Directorate,New Delhi and eligible to be promoted as Superintendents in Postal/RMS Divisions and Asst. Directors Regional /Circle offices and Postal Directorate,New Delhi according to eligibility. Inspector (Posts) having 5 years of service can directly appear for Postal Service Group B Examinations. Those who have satisfactory service record in the cadre of Superintendent Postal Service Group B are eligible to be promoted in the cadre of Sr. Superintendent of Post Offices /Asst. Postmaster General (Gr. A) and Director of Postal Services etc. based on their performance.

6. In addition to the above Graduates working as Postal Assistants/SortingAssistants (even though not having minimum service) can apply for Combined Graduate level examination being conducted by Staff selection Commission every year depending upon their eligibility and choice can be appointed as Inspector (Posts) under Direct Quota .

7. Postal Assistants/Sorting Assistants (who are graduates) working in the Department of Posts can appear for Civil Service Examination and are eligible to be appointed as Sr. Superintendent of post Offices directly with promotional prospects to the cadre of Director of Postal Services, Postmaster General , Chief Postmaster General, Member Postal Service Board, and Director General /Secretary Posts based on their performance and eligibility.

8. Another advantage is relaxation of upper age limit for applying for Government recruitment examination for selection to various officer posts under staff selection commission and Union Public Service Commission. For example, though certain upper age limit has been prescribed for appearing for Combined Graduate level Examination for selection to the posts detailed below, RELAXATION IS ADMISSIBLE TO POSTAL ASSISANTS/SORTING ASSISTANTS AS PER GOVERNMENT ORDERS, AS THEY ARE GOVERNMENT SERVANTS.

Published by http://sapost.blogspot.in/

The NORMAL AGE LIMIT FOR SELECTION AS : Inspector of Income Tax , Inspector (Central Excise)/ Inspector (Preventive Officer)/ Inspector (Examiner)/ Inspector of Posts-/ Assistant Enforcement Officer /Inspector (CBN) Compiler/ Divisional Accountant/ Auditors/ UDCs /Tax Assistants/ Junior Accountant & Accountant /Sub-Inspector (CBN) :27 years

Statistical Investigator Gr.II: Not exceeding 26 years

Assistant/Sub Inspector in CBI :27 years

AGE RELAXATION APPLICABLE

For Group “B” posts

Central Govt. Civilian Employees (General/Unreserved) who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service:5 years

Central Govt. Civilian Employees (OBC))

who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service as on closing date for receipt of application 8 (5 +3)years

Central Govt. Civilian Employees (SC/ST)

Who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service as on closing date for receipt of application 10 (5+5) years

For Group “C” posts

Central Govt. Civilian Employees (General/Unreserved) who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service as on closing date for receipt of application : Upto40 years of age

Central Govt. Civilian Employees(OBC) who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service as on closing date for receipt of application Upto 43 years of age

Central Govt. Civilian Employees (SC/ST)who have rendered not less than 3 years regular and continuous service as on closing date for receipt of application : Upto 45 years of age

Thanks to

Sri. A.Sivasankaran,

Why not a ‘Post Bank of India’?

Using the massive India Post network for banking services would give a big push to financial inclusion

April 17, 2014:

The issue of granting new commercial banklicences was mooted in the Union Budget of February 2010. Since then there have been discussion papers, draft guidelines and, after the final guidelines were issued, 25 applications have been under close scrutiny.

The process came to an end with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) announcing the grant of in-principle approval to two applicants — Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation Limited (IDFC) and Bandhan Financial Services.

In the case of India Post, however, the RBI has indicated that its application would need to be put through a different process in consultation with the government.

Opening up the licensing window periodically results in a spate of complications and it is now recognised that it may be better to have a system of ‘on tap’ applications. Moreover, thought is being given to a system of ‘differentiated bank licences’; the full guidelines still have to be set out and this will take time. The 22 applicants that have not been granted a licence will need to reapply.

Long haul: The two entities given in-principle approval — IDFC and Bandhan — are likely to take very different courses to setting up banks. It will, however, be a decade before they become forces to reckon with. In fact, as Rajiv Lall, Chairman IDFC, rightly points out, the setting up of a bank is a marathon, not a sprint.

Potential: The RBI in its communication on licensing banks has indicated that India Post’s application will need to be examined and processed on a different footing.

Ostensibly, a major thrust to financial inclusion is one of the key reasons for considering the formation of new banks.

It is here that India Post will take centre-stage. There are 155,000 post offices, of which about 140,000 (90 per cent), are in the rural areas. As such, India Post is pre-eminently suited for a bank licence. Trying toachieve financial inclusion without a central role for India Post would be like stagingHamlet without the Prince of Denmark.

History: The idea of a postal bank was mooted in the late 1980s by the then Finance Secretary S. Venkitaramanan and he subsequently followed it up after he became RBI Governor in December 1990. But the proposal was shot down by the Ministry of Finance.

The Ministry’s opposition arises from the procedure followed for savings garnered by the postal system. The funds collected under various schemes are remitted to the government and the postal system draws on the government when there are outgos. Since the totality of inflows each year invariably exceeds the outflows, the government gets a bonanza.

Apprehensions: The erroneous apprehension is that there would be an unmanageably large cash outflow from the government when the postal bank is set up. This issue can be easily tackled.

First, for the outstanding savings-bank balances (i.e. the pre-zero balances) the government could issue non-negotiable securities with varying maturities ranging from treasury bills to long-term bonds.

The interest rate on these bonds could be negotiated by the Postal Bank and the Ministry of Finance and should be above the present postal savings bank rate to cover operational expenses and any future rise in the savings bank rate.

Second, as regards time deposits, the pre-zero liabilities could be discharged on the due date by the government and any fresh time deposits would be the liability of the Postal Bank. Third, for certain schemes, such as Provident Funds and Senior Citizen Retirement schemes, these could be handled by the Postal Bank on an agency basis, for which the Postal Bank could be suitably remunerated.

Capital: It is estimated that about ₹1,800 crore would be required to set up a Postal Bank. The Government is being approached for ₹623 crore and the rest will be raised by the Postal Bank from the market.

The Bank will be of a very different genre than the present public sector banks and, as such, should not be rejected as yet another public sector bank that may not be desirable.

Branches: A bogey raised is that the Postal Bank will not be able to handle the large network of branches.

This could be a calibrated process in which, initially, a few offices could be set up as branches and select Post Offices could be designated as extension counters with all other post-offices operating as an agency network. In course of time, the extension counters can be converted into full-fledged branches and new extension counters set up. Over some years, a large network of Postal Bank branches could be set up.

Investment skills: The Postal Bank will need a team of skilled specialists to invest in government securities and money market instruments. The Postal Bank should be able to earn on its portfolio of investments a margin well above the cost of funds, which would make it viable.

Limited lending: The Postal Bank should initiate lending operations very cautiously as it builds up lending skills.

Loans should initially only be given by a few select branches with skilled personnel and restricted to small amounts.

It would, of course, be necessary to ensure that lending operations are based on transparent criteria with strict observance of lending norms.

Financial inclusion: The new government should undertake a concerted drive to remove the conceptual cobwebs preventing the setting up of a Postal Bank, considering the great potential such a bank has for taking banking to the masses.

The writer is an economist

(This article was published on April 17, 2014)

Source : http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/

Model Question Paper for PA/SA Exam 2014 (General Awareness Section)- Set 1 for practice

Friends… We have got a lot of requests from many of our facebook followers to post a mock/model question paper, which will help in preparation during this short period of exam. So here we have prepared a model question paper for Part-A ie, General Awareness Section which contains 25 Questions. These Questions have been prepared based on the last years question pattern. Importance has been given to Indian Constitution, History, Current Affairs and Science.

We hope these questions help you know for yourself which areas you need to work upon. Please remember that this is no way a complete solution for your preparation, but will serve as a support hand. We recommend that you take this test seriously and try to answer the questions based on the knowledge you have gained so far. Please don't google the answers or refer any books before you complete answering. Others ways this will be of no use. After you have attempted all the questions, try to post the answers to all 25 questions as comment below. By 8 PM today, we will post theanswers here itself so that it will provide a true picture of your preparedness. The name of all those who have got more than 12 questions correct will be posted in our facebook page and here. See you then :) Good Luck! More Tests for all sections will be posted soon...

"The more questions you attempt, the better your preparation for the real test"

1) Which part of the Indian Constitution has been amended only once so far?

(A) Emergency provisions

(B) Fundamental duties

(D) Preamble

2) Which state clinched the best state award for implementing Rural Tourism Project in the National Tourism Award 2012-13, presented during February 2014?

(A) Kerala

(B) Sikkim

(D) Madhya Pradesh

3) Seawater (i.e. saltwater) freezes at?

(A) The same temperature as fresh water.

(B) At a slightly higher temperature than fresh water.

(D) Seawater does not freeze.

4) Who amongst the following is the author of the book Letters from India?

(A) Rob Young

(B) Nani Palkiwala

(D) Cleopatra Hanssens

5) “Akash”, missile is a?

(A) surface-to-air-missile

(B) surface-to-surface missile

(D) Submarine

6) The Constituent Assembly elected as its permanent chairman?

(A) Jawaharlal Nehru

(B) Rajendra Prasad

(D) K.M. Munshi

7) The finest specimens of Pallava architecture are?

(A) Temples of Madurai

(B) Temple of Tanjore

(D) Kailashnath Temple of Ellora

8) Country’s first post office savings bank ATM was recently opened at?

(A) Chennai

(B) Delhi

(D) Thiruvananthapuram

9) Which of the following gases are given out during photosynthesis?

(A) Nitrogen

(B) Hydrogen

(D) Carbon dioxide

10) Which among the following countries has hosted the T20 Cricket World Cup 2014?

(A) India

(B) Sri Lanka

(D) Bangladesh

11) Cadmium accumulation in the body leads to hypertesion, heart enlargement and death this is mainly due to

(A) Cigarette smoking

(B) Drinking water

(D) Drinking milk

12) Who is popular known as 'the father of revolutionary thought in India'?

(A) Lala Lajpat Rai

(B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

(D) Lala Hardyal

13) Which of the following gases forms the largest part of air?

(A) Carbon Dioxide

(B) Nitrogen

(D) Oxygen

14) What is most commonly used substance in fluorescent tubes?

(A) Sodium oxide and argon

(B) Sodium vapour and neon

(D) Mercury oxide and neon

15) What is the script of Ashoka’s inscriptions:

(A) Gurumukhi

(B) Hieroglyphics

(D) Brahmi

16) The Indian federal system is modeled on the federal system of

(A) USA

(B) Canada

(D) New Zeala

17) The new States of Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura were created in

(A) 1970

(B) 1971

(D) 1973

18) Name the inventor of the ubiquitous automatic weapon AK-47 who died at the age of 94 recently?

(A) Mikhail Gorbyavech

(B) Kishav Gabriel

(D) Mikhail Kalashnikov

19) The third amendment to our Constitution carried out in 1954 to extend the power of Parliament by transfering the

(A) state list to concurrent list

(B) state list to union list

(D) none of the above

20) The inventor of X-rays was

(A) Einstein

(B) W.H. Bragg

(D) Henry Backarrel

21) Reserve Bank of India( RBI) during April 2014 granted "in-principle" approvals to which among the following entities for new bank licences?

(A) Aditya Birla Nuvo & Bajaj Finance

(B) Indiapost & IDFC

(D) IDFC & Bandhan Financial Services

22) Who commented that the Cripps Mission was a post-dated cheque on a crashing bank?

(A) Mahatma Gandhi

(B) Jawaharlal Nehru

(D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

23) Who won the Gandhi Peace Prize for 2013?

(A) Desmond Tutu

(B) Chandi Prasad Bhatt

(D) Baba Amte

24) The Forward Bloc was formed by

(A) Lala Lajpat Rai

(B) Shahid Bhagat Singh

(D) Subhash Chandra Bose

25) Who was the chief guest during the republic day celebrations of India 2014?

(A) Prime Minister of Indonesia

(B) President of Maldives

(D) President of Bhutan

Source : http://www.currentaffairs4examz.com/

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Friday 18 April 2014

PA/SA Examination 2014

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2. POSTAL ASSISTANT EXAM MATERIAL- QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE-RATIO& PROPORTION

Ratio & Proportion

To download full chapter, click below link

http://www.viewdocsonline.com/document/ic9uvl

Introduction

FACTS ABOUT SBI : The largest Bank of India

Old private-sector banks in India (Establishment & Headquarters)

MD’S Of PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS (REVISED)

Supreme Court Judgement on CIVIL APPEAL NO. 4506 OF 2014: Govt woman employee can get uninterrupted two-year child care leave (CCL)

POSTAL ASSISTANT EXAM MATERIAL- QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE-PIPES & CISTERNS

MISCELLANEOUS GK - NICKNAMES

POSTAL ASSISTANT EXAM MATERIAL- QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE-BOATS & STREAMS

Career Prospects of Postal Assistants/Sorting Assistants In Department of Posts

Why not a ‘Post Bank of India’?

Model Question Paper for PA/SA Exam 2014 (General Awareness Section)- Set 1 for practice

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